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ANATOMY] p. 21 (ditto). Sauropterygia: G. A. Boulenger, “On a Nothosaurian Reptile from the Trias of Lombardy, apparently refer-able to Lariosaurus,” ''Trans. Zool. Soc.'' vol. xiv. (1896), p. 1.—H. G. Seeley, “The Nature of the Shoulder Girdle and Clavicular Arch in Sauropterygia,” ''Proc. Roy. Soc.'' vol. li. (1892), p. 119, and vol. liv. (1893), p. 160. Ichthyopterygia: E. Fraas, Die Ichthyosaurier der süddeutschen Trias- und Jura-Ablagerungen (Tübingen, 1891).—J. C. Merriam, “Triassic Ichthyosauria,” Mem. Univ. California, vol. i. No. 1 (1908).—Also technical papers by E. Fraas on fins in ''Württ. Jahresh. (1894), p. 493, and Földtani'' Közlöny, vol. xxviii. (Budapest, 1898), p. 169. Rhynchocephalia: G. A. Boulenger, “On British Remains of Homoeosaurus, with Remarks on the Classification of the Rhynchocephalia,” ''Proc. Zool.'' Soc. (1891), p. 167.—J. H. McGregor, “The Phytosauria,” Mem. ''Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.'' vol. ix. pt. ii. (1906)—E. C. Case, Revision of the Pelycosauria of North America (Carnegie Institution, Washington, 1907).—Technical papers by H. Credner in ''Zeitschr. deutsch.'' ''geol. Ges.'' vol. xl. (1888), p. 488 (Palaeohatteria), T. H. Huxley in ''Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.'' vol. xliii. (1887), p. 675 (Hyperodapedon), and L. Dollo in ''Bull. Soc. Belg. Géol. vol. v. (1891), Mém.'' p. 151 (Champsosaurus). Dinosauria: O. C. Marsh, “The Dinosaurs of North America,” ''Sixteenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey'' (1896).—Technical papers by L. Dollo in ''Bull. mus. roy. d'hist. nat. Belg.'' vols. i.-iii. (1882-84) (Iguanodon), O. C. Marsh in ''Amer. Journ. Sci.'' ser. 3, vol. l. (1895), pl. viii. (restorations), J. B. Hatcher in Mem. Carnegie Museum, vol. i. No. 1 (1901), and W. J. Holland in Mem. Carnegie Museum, vol. ii. No. 6 (1906). Crocodilia: T. H. Huxley, “On Stagonolepis robertsoni, and on the Evolution of the Crocodilia,” ''Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.'' vol. xxxi. (1875), p. 423.—E. Koken, “Thoracosaurus macrorhynchus, Bl., aus der Tuffkreide von Maastricht,” ''Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.'' (1888), p. 754.—E. Fraas, “Thattosuchia,” Palaeantogr. vol. xlix. (1902), p. 1.—L. Dollo, “Première note sur les crocodiliens de Bernissart,” ''Bull. mus.'' ''roy. d'hist. nat. Belg.'' vol. ii. (1883), p. 309.—G. A. Boulenger, Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians and Crocodiles in the British Museum (London, 1889). Ornithosauria: K. A. von Zittel, “Ueber Flugsaurier aus dem lithographischen Schiefer,” Palaeontogr. vol. xxix. (1882), p. 49.—E. T. Newton, “On the Skull, Brain and Auditory Organ of a New Species of Pterosaurian,” ''Phil. Trans.'' vol. 179 (1888), p. 503—H. G. Seeley, Dragons of the Air (London, 1901).—Technical papers by O. C. Marsh in Amer. ''Journ. Sci.'' ser. 3, vol. xxiii. (1882), p. 251 (wing-membranes), S. W. Williston in Kansas Univ. Quarterly, vol. vi. (1897), p. 35 (restoration of Pteranodon), and G. F. Eaton in ''Amer. Journ. Sci.'' ser. 4, vols. xvi., xvii. (1903-4). Squamata: R. Owen, “On the Rank and Affinities of the Reptilian Class of the Mosasauridae, Gervais,” ''Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.'' vol. xxxiii. (1877), p. 682, and vol. xxxiv. 1878), p. 748.—G. A. Boulenger, Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum, vols. i.-iii. (London, 1885-87); Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum, vols. i., ii. (London, 1893-94).—Technical papers by A. Kornhuber in Abh. k. k. geol. Reichsanst. Wien. vol. v. (1873), No. 4, and vol. xvii. (1893), No. 3 (Dolichasauria), F. Noposa in Beitr. Paläont. Oesterr.-Ungarns. vol. xxi. (1908), and S. W. Williston in Kansas Univ. Quarterly, vols. i., ii., vi. (1892-1897) (Mosasauria). (A. S. Wo.)

Sphenodon has the most primitive and still most complex skull, the salient features of which it is easy to derive from Stegocephalian and early, generalized reptilian conditions; whilst in other directions, mostly by reduction, the skull of this “living fossil” affords the key to that of all the other groups of at least recent reptiles. The main features are the following. There are, in the temporal region, three complete bony arches,

the supra-, infra-, and post-temporal, which subdivide the whole temporal fossa into four foramina. The supratemporal bridge is formed by the squamosal and post-orbital, the latter (j in fig. 12) being continued forwards and fused with the post-frontal. These three bones, with the parietal enclose the supratemporal foramen. The postorbital joins an ascending branch of the jugal, both together forming the hinder border of the orbit, and this is bordered below chiefly by the maxillary. The posteriortemporal bridge is formed by the parietal and squamosal, extends laterally over the quadrate and encloses a wide space between itself and the buttress-like transverse expansion of the lateral occipital bone (these “parotic processes” are made up of the lat. occipital, parotic and opisthotic bones); this is the posttemporal foramen. The space enclosed between this occipital buttress, the quadrate and the pterygoidal support of the latter represents the wide and large cavity of the middle ear,