Page:EB1911 - Volume 22.djvu/357

Rh 1902); Ugo Foscolo, Alcune parole intorno alla fine del regno d'Italia. The story of the murder of Prina forms the subject of a play by G. Rovetta, entitled Principio di secolo.

PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, “ I am the first to take ”; Ital. principe, Fr. prince), a title implying either political power or social rank. The Latin word princeps originally signified “ the first ” either in place or action (cf. Ger. Fürst; O.H.G. foristo=English “ first ”). As an honorary title it was applied in the Roman republic to the princeps senatus, i.e. the senator who stood first on the censor's list, and the princeps juventutis, i.e. the first on the roll of the equestrian order. The assumption of the style of princeps senatus by (q.v.) first associated the word with the idea of sovereignty and dominion, but throughout the period of the empire it is still used as a title of certain civil or military officials (e.g. princeps officii, for the chief official of a provincial governor, in the Theodosian code, leg. I., De offic. rect. prov. i. 7; princeps militiae, i.e. the commander of a cohort or legion); while in the middle ages the term is still applied vaguely in charters to the magnates of the state or the high officials of the palace, priricipes being treated as the equivalent of proceres, optimates or seniores. Yet the idea of sovereignty as implied in the word pririceps, used as a title rather than as a designation, survived strongly. In the Visigothic and Lombard codes princeps is the equivalent of rex or imperator; and when, after the overthrow of the Lombard kingdom by the Franks, Arichis II. (d. 787) of Beneventum wished to assert his independent sovereignty, he had himself anointed and crowned, and exchanged his style of duke for that of prince.

From Italy the use of the title spread—first, with the Crusaders, to the Holy Land, where Bohemund, son of Tancred, took the style of prince of Antioch; next, with the Latin conquerors, into the East Roman Empire, where in 1205 William de Champlette, a cadet of the house of Champagne, founded the principality of Achaea and the Morea. This example was followed by lesser magnates, who styled themselves loosely, or were so styled by the chroniclers, “ princes,” even though they had little claim to independent sovereignty. From the East the fashion was carried back to France; but there the erection of certain fiefs into “ principalities,” which became common in the 15th and 16th centuries, certainly implied no concession of independent sovereignty, and the title of “ prince ” thus bestowed ranked below that of “ duke,” being sometimes borne by cadet branches of ducal houses, e.g. the princes of Léon and of Soubise, cadets of the house of Rohan. On the other hand, the title of “ prince ” was borne from the time of Charles VII. or Louis XI. by the sons of the royal house, so-called “ princes of the blood ” (princes du sang), who took precedence in due order after the king. To these were added, from the time of Louis XIV., the princes légitimés, recognized bastards of the sovereign, who ranked next after the princes of the blood. Thus, e.g. the princes of Condé, Conti and Lamballe owed their exalted precedence, not to their principalities, but to their royal descent.

In Germany, Austria and other countries formerly embraced in the Holy Roman Empire the title of “ prince ” has had a somewhat different history. During the first period of the empire, the “ princes” were the whole body of the optimates who took rank next to the emperor. In the 11th century, with the growth of feudalism, all feudatories holding in chief of the Crown ranked as “ princes, ” from dukes to simple counts, together with archbishops, bishops and the abbots of monasteries held directly of the emperor. Towards the end of the 12th century, however, the order of princes (Fürstenstand) was narrowed to the more important spiritual and temporal feudatories who had a right to a seat in the diet of the empire in the “ college of princes ” (Fürstenbank). Finally, in the 13th century, seven of the most powerful of these separated themselves into a college which obtained the sole right of electing the emperor. These were called “ prince electors ” (Kurfürsten), and formed the highest rank of the German princes (see ). The formal designation of “ prince ” (Fürst) was, however, extremely rare in Germany in the middle ages. Examples are the princes of Mecklenburg (Prilislav I., prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1 170) and Rügen, the latter title now belonging to the kings of Prussia. In the 17th century some half-dozen more principalities were created, of which that of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1697) survives as a sovereign house. The 18th century increased their number, and of the princely houses of this period those of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1710), Waldeck (1712) and Reuss, elder branch (1778), have preserved their sovereignty. Of the other sovereign “ princes ” in Germany, Reuss, cadet branch, obtained the title in 1806, Schaumburg-Lippe in 1807. Outside the German Empire the prince of Liechtenstein, whose title dates from 1608, still remains sovereign.

Thus, in Germany, with the decay of the empire the title “prince” received a sovereign connotation, though it ranks, as in France, below that of “ duke.” There are, however, in the countries formerly embraced in the Holy Roman Empire other classes of “ princes.” Some of these inherit titles, sovereign under the old empire, but “ mediatized ” during the years of its collapse at the beginning of the 19th century, e. g., Thurn and Taxis (1695), Hohenlohe (1764), Leiningen (1779); others received the title of “ prince ” immediately before or after the end of the empire as “ compensation ” for ceded territories, e.g. Metternich-Winneburg (1803). Besides these mediatized princes, who transmit their titles and their privilege of “ royal ” blood to all their legitimate descendants, there are also in Austria and Germany “ princes,” created by the various German sovereigns, and some dating from the period of the old empire, who take a lower rank, as not being “ princes of the Holy Roman Empire ” nor entitled to any royal privileges. Some of these titles have been bestowed to give a recognized rank to the morganatic wives and children of royal princes, e.g., the princes of Battenberg, or the title of “ princess ” of Hohenberg borne by the consort of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand d'Este; others as a reward for distinguished service, e.g. Hardenberg, Blücher, Bismarck. In this latter case the rule of primogeniture has been usual, the younger sons taking the title of “ count ” (Graf). These non-royal princes are ranked in the Almanach de Gotha with British and French dukes and Italian princes. All these various classes of princes are styled Fürst and have the predicate “ Serene Highness ” (Durchlaucht). The word Prinz, actually synonymous with Fürst, is reserved as the title of the non-reigning members of sovereign houses and, with certain exceptions (e.g. Bavaria), for the cadets of mediatized ducal and princely families. The heir to a throne is “ crown prince ” (Kronprinz), “ hereditary grand duke ” (Erbgrossherzog) or “ hereditary prince ” (Erbprinz). The heir to the crown of Prussia, when not the son of the monarch has the title of “ prince of Prussia ” (Prinz von Preussen).

In Italy the title “ prince ” (principe) is also of very unequal value. In Naples, following the precedent set by Arichis II., “ much affecting the glory of a greater name than duke,” it ranked above that of duke. In other parts of Italy the heads of great families sometimes bear the title of “ prince,” e.g. Prince Corsini, duke of Casigliano; sometimes that of “ duke,” e.g. the Caetani, princes of Teano, whose chief is styled “ duke of Sermoneta,” the title of “ prince of Teano ” being borne by his eldest son. The title of “ prince of Naples ” is attached to the eldest son of the king of Italy. The excessive multiplication of the title has tended to deprive it of much social value in itself, and under the democratic constitution of Italy it confers neither power nor precedence.

“ Prince ” is also the translation of the Russian title knyaz, though veliky knyaz, the style of the Imperial princes, is rendered“ grand duke.” Some of the Russian, or Polish-Russian, princely families are of great importance—e.g. the Czartoryskis, the Swiatopolk-Czetwertynskis, or the Russian