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 a statute of Henry III (1266). By this “Statute of the Pillory " it was ordered as the penalty for “forestallers and regrators, users of deceitful weights, perjurers and forgers." Stow, describing Cornhill pillory, says. “ On the top of the cage (a strong prison of timber) was placed a pillory for the punishment of bakers offending in the assize of bread, for millers stealing corn at the mill, for bawds, scoids and other offenders.” Until 16 37 the pillory was reserved for such offenders. In that year an attack was made on the Press, and the pillory became the recognized punishment of those who published books without a licence or libelled the government. Alexander Leighton, John Lilburn, Prynne and Daniel Defoe were among those who suffered. These were popular favourites, and their exposures in the pillory were converted into public triumphs. Titus Oates, however, was put in the pillory in 1685 and nearly killed. In 1816 the pillory Was abolished except for perjury and subornation, and the perjurer Peter James Bossy was the last to stand in the pillory at the Old Bailey for one hour on the 22nd of June 1830. It was finally abolished in 1837 at the end of William IV 's reign. cIn Germany it was known as pranger. The pillory was used in the American colonies, and provisions as to its infection existed in the United States statute books until 1839; it survived in the state of Delaware until 1905. Finger-pillories were at one time in common use as instruments of domestic punishment. Two stout pieces of oak, the top being hinged to the bottom or fixed piece, formed when closed a number of holes sufficiently deep to admit the finger to the second joint, holding the hand imprisoned. A finger pillory is preserved in the parish church of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, and there is one, still in its original situation against the wall, at Littlecote Hall, Wilts

PILLOW (O. Eng pjlu; Lat. pulvimfs, a cushion), 'a support for the head during sleep or rest. The pillow of Western nations is a cushion of linen or other material, stuffed with feathers, down, hair or wool In the East it is a framework made of bamboo or rattan with a depression in the top to receive the neck; similarly blocks of wood with a concave-shaped top are used by the natives of other countries. The word is found in various technical uses for a block or support, as for a brass bearing for the journal of a shaft, and the like In architecture the term “ pillowed, ” or “ pulvinated, " is given to the frieze of an order which bulges out in the centre and is convex in section. It is found in friezes of some of the later works of the Roman school and is common in Italian practice. °

PILOCARPINE, CuH16N2O2, an alkaloid found, together with isopilocarpine and other related compounds, in the leaves of jaborandi (Pzlocarpus pennatzfolzus). It was first isolated by E. Hardy in 1875 (Ben, 8, p 1594), and is a crystalline, very hygroscopic solid It is a strong poison. It has the properties of a monacid base and contains the methyl amino group, -NCH3 when heated with hydrochloric acid it gives isopilocarpine Isopilocarpine was isolated in 1900 by H A. D. ]owett (J own. Chem Soc 77, p. 473), and is a colourless oil which boils at 261° C (10 mm) It is a monacid base which is readily soluble in solutions of the causi ic alkalis ]owett is of the opinion that pilocarpine and isopilocarpine are stereo-isomers of the structure - /CH.jF1.CH3C, H5.(fH.CQO

PILONA, a town of northern Spain, in the province of Oviedo; between the right bank of the river Pilofia, a left-hand tributary of the Sella, and the Sierra de Abes (3268 ft) Pop. (1900), 18,228 Though officially classed as a town, Pilofia is rather a densely populated mining and agricultural district. It is served by the railway from Infiesto, on the river Pilona, to Oviedo and Giién

PILOT, the name applied either to a particular officer serving on board a ship during the course of a xoyage and having the charge of the helm and the ship's route, or to a person taken on ~oard at a particular place for the purpose of conducting a ship through a river, road or channel, or from or into a. port. The latter kind is the only one to which the term is now applied either in British or foreign countries The word “pilot ” is not the early name for the man who guides or steers a ship. In Old English the name is lfidman, z e. the man who leads the way. “ Pilot ” does not appear in English till the 16th century. The origin of the word has been much debated Many etymologists find it in the Dutch pzjloot (Hexham's Dictionary, 1658). This has been identified with pezllood, pez!-10th, sounding lead, cf. German pezlen, to sound; the last part of these words is the same as English “ lead, ” the metal, the first part, pezlenus for pegelen, to mark with pegs or points for measuring, cf gbegel, gauge. The New English Dictionary, on the other hand, finds that the Dutch pzlool, the earlier form, is taken from the French The source is, therefore, to be looked for in Romance languages. Du Cange (Gloss. M ed. et Inf. Lat)gives Pcdottae, defined as quorum est scare intrare et exzre portus, a gloss on pedotte e tzmameri in F. Ubaldini's edition, 1640, of I document d'amore by Francesco da Barberino (1264-1348). It is therefore conjectured that the Italian pzlota is a popular conception of pedotta, and a possible source may be found in the Greek 1r?150v, oar. In England, formerly, pilots were subject to the jurisdiction of the lord high admiral; and in the 16th century there are many instances of the admiralty court dealing with pilots d1sc1pl1nar1ly as well as civilly, holding them liable in damages to owners of ships lost or damaged by their negligence. For some considerable time throughout the United Kingdom the appointment and control of pilots have been in the hands of numerous societies or corporations established at the various ports by charter or act of Parliament, such as the Trinity Houses of Deptford Strond (London), Kingston-upon-Hull, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Leith, and the Society of Cinque Ports Pilots and Court of Lodemanage (now extinct). These societies had jurisdiction over the pilots exercising their employment within Authorities the limits of such ports, and in many cases made it compulsory for ships resorting thither to employ them. By degrees the London Trinity House acquired a leading position, which was confirmed and extended by the general Pilotage Acts passed in the 18th and 19th centuries, with the object of introducing a uniform system throughout the realm. At the present day the United Kingdom is divided into districts for the purpose of 'pilotage jurisdiction. The (London) Trinity House has jurisdiction over the London district, which extends from Orfordness to Dungeness, and comprises the Thames and Medway up to London and Rochester bridges; the English Channel district, comprising the sea between Dungeness and the Isle of Wight;, and the Trinity outport districts, which include any pilotage districts for the appointment of pilots within which no particular provision is made by act of Parliament or charter, and the number of which is 40, all English and Welsh'. There are 66 other districts, within which other pilotage authorities have jurisdiction.

The present general pilotage law is contained in the Merchant Shipping Acts 1894 to 1906. Pilotage authorities are defined as bodies or persons authorized to appoint or license pilots, or to fix and alter rates of pilotage or to exercise any jurisdiction in respect of pilotage. They are subject to the control of the Board of Trade as the supreme mercantile marine authority. Those bodies, however, which existed at the time of the passing of the act retain their powers and jurisdiction, so far as is consistent with it. The board has power to appoint Law a new pilotage authority in any area where there is none, and to include a new area where there is none within an already existing one (but in either case pilotage cannot be made compulsory), or to transfer pilotage jurisdiction over a port other than that where the pilotage authority for that port resides, from that pilotage authority to the harbour or other local authority for that port, or to the Trinity House, or to a new authority; and the board has all powers necessary to effectuate such transfer and constitute the new authority. The board may also, by provisional order (which requires parliamentary confirmation), provide for the representation of pilots or shipowners on the pilotage authority