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 of the citadel. In 386 he excited the jealousy of the tyrant by secretly marrying his niece, and was sent into banishment. He settled at Thurii, but afterwards removed to Adria, where he remained until the death of Dionysius (366). He was then recalled by the younger Dionysius, whom he persuaded to dismiss Plato and Dion. When Dion set sail from Zacynthus with the object of liberating Syracuse from the tyrannis, Philistus was entrusted with the command of the fleet, but he was defeated and put to death (356). During his stay at Adria, Philistus occupied himself with the composition of his , a history of Sicily in eleven books. The first part (bks. i.–vii.) comprised the history of the island from the earliest times to the capture of Agrigentum by the Carthaginians (406); the second, the history of the elder and the younger Dionysius (down to 363). From this point the work was carried on by Philistus’s fellow countryman Athanas. Cicero (ad. Q. Fr. ii. 13), who had a high opinion of his work, calls him the “miniature Thucydides” (pusillus Thucydides). He was admitted by the Alexandrian critics into the canon of historiographers, and his work was highly valued by Alexander the Great.

PHILLAUR, a town of British India, in Jullundur district, Punjab, on the north bank of the river Sutlej, 8 m. N. of Ludhiana. Pop. (1901), 6986. Founded by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan, it was long of importance as commanding the crossing of the Sutlej. At the Mutiny in 1857 the fort contained the siege train, which was sent safely to Delhi; but the sepoy regiment in the cantonment shortly afterwards mutinied and escaped. The fort is now occupied by the police training school and the central bureau of the criminal identification department.

PHILLIMORE, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH (1810–1885), English judge, third son of a well-known ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr Joseph Phillimore, was born at Whitehall on the 5th of November 1810. Educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford, where a lifelong friendship with W. E. Gladstone began, his first appointment was to a clerkship in the board of control, where he remained from 1832 to 1835. Admitted as an advocate at Doctors Commons in 1839, he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1841, and rose very rapidly in his profession. He was engaged as counsel in almost every case of importance that came before the admiralty, probate or divorce courts, and became successively master of faculties, commissary of the deans and chapters of St Paul’s and Westminster, official of the archdeaconries of Middlesex and London, and chancellor of the dioceses of Chichester and Salisbury. In 1853 he entered parliament as member for Tavistock. A moderate in politics, his energies were devoted to non-party measures, and in 1854 he introduced the bill for allowing viva voce evidence in the ecclesiastical courts. He sat for Tavistock until 1857, when he offered himself as a candidate for Coventry, but was defeated. He was appointed judge of the Cinque Ports in 1855, Queen’s Counsel in 1858, and advocate general in admiralty in 1862, and succeeded Dr Stephen Lushington (1782–1873) as judge of the court of arches five years later. Here his care, patience and courtesy, combined with unusual lucidity of expression, won general respect. In 1875, in accordance with the Public Worship Regulation Act, he resigned, and was succeeded by Lord Penzance. When the Judicature Act came into force the powers of the admiralty court were transferred to the High Court of justice, and Sir Robert Phillimore was therefore the last judge of the historic court of the lord high admiral of England. He continued to sit as judge for the new admiralty, probate and divorce division until 1883, when he resigned. He wrote Ecclesiastical Law of the Church of England, a book which still holds its ground, Commentaries on International Law, and a translation of Lessing’s Laocoon. He married, in 1844, Charlotte Anne, daughter of John Denison of Ossington Hall, Newark. He was knighted in 1862, and created a baronet in 1881. He died at Shiplake, near Henley-on-Thames, on the 4th of February 1885. His eldest son, Sir Walter G. F. Phillimore (b. 1845), also distinguished as an authority on ecclesiastical and admiralty law, became in 1897 a judge of the high court.

PHILLIP, JOHN (1817–1867), Scottish painter, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, on the 19th of April 1817. His father, an old soldier, was in humble circumstances, and the son became an errand-boy to a tinsmith, and was then apprenticed to a painter and glazier. Having received some technical instruction from a local artist named William Mercer, he began, at the age of about fifteen, to paint portraits. In 1834 he made a very brief visit to London. About this time he became assistant to James Forbes, an Aberdeen portrait-painter. He had already gained a valuable patron. Having been sent to repair a window in the house of Major P. L. Gordon, his interest in the works of art in the house attracted the attention of their owner. Gordon brought the young artist under the notice of Lord Panmure, who in 1836 sent him to London, promising to bear the cost of his art education. At first Phillip was placed under T. M. Joy, but he soon entered the schools of the Royal Academy. In 1830 he figured for the first time in the royal academy exhibition with a portrait and a landscape, and in the following year he was represented by a more ambitious figure-picture of “Tasso in Disguise relating his Persecutions to his Sister.” For the next ten years he supported himself mainly by portraiture and by painting subjects of national incident, such as “Presbyterian Catechizing,” “Baptism in Scotland,” and the “Spaewife.” His productions at this period, as well as his earlier subject pictures, are reminiscent of the practice and methods of Wilkie and the Scottish genre-painters oi his time. In 1851 his health showed signs of delicacy, and he went to Spain in search of a warmer climate. He was brought face to face for the first time with the brilliant sunshine and the splendid colour of the south, and it was in coping with these that he first manifested his artistic individuality and finally displayed his full powers. In the “Letter-writer of Seville” (1854), commissioned by Queen Victoria at the suggestion of Sir Edwin Landseer, the artist is struggling with new difficulties in the portrayal of unwonted splendours of colour and light. In 1857 Phillip was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1859 a full member. In 1855 and in 1860 further visits to Spain were made, and in each case the painter returned with fresh materials to be embodied with increasing power and subtlety in the long series of works which won for him the title of “Spanish Phillip.” His highest point of execution is probably reached in “La Gloria” (1864) and a smaller single-figure painting of the same period entitled “El Cigarillo.” These Spanish subjects were varied in 1860 by a rendering of the marriage of the princess royal with the crown prince of Prussia, executed by command of the queen, and in 1863 by a picture of the House of Commons. During his last visit to Spain Phillip occupied himself in a careful study of the art of Velazquez, and the copies which he made fetched large prices after his death, examples having been secured by the royal and the royal Scottish academies. The year before his death he visited Italy and devoted attention to the works of Titian. The results of this study of the old masters are visible in such works as “La Loteria Nacional,” left uncompleted at his death. During this period he resided much in the Highlands, and seemed to be returning to his first love for Scottish subjects, painting several national scenes, and planning others that were never completed He died in London on the 27th of February 1867.

PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833–1882), American contralto singer, was born at Stratford-on-Avon, England, her family emigrating to America in 1840. Her mother taught dancing,