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Rh The work has reached us in so fragmentary and mutilated a shape that we may of course altogether have missed the key to It, it may have been intended by its author to be a sustained satire, written in a vein of reserved and powerful irony, of the type realized in our modern Jonathan Wild or Barry Lyndon. Otherwise we must admit that, in the entire divorce of intellectual power and insight from any element of right human feeling, the work is an exceptional phenomenon in literature. For, as a work of original power, of humorous representation, of literary invention and art, the fragment deserves all the admiration which it has received. We recognize the arbiter elegantiae in the admirable sense of the remarks scattered through it on education, on art, on poetry and on eloquence. There is a true feeling of nature in the description of a grove of plane-trees, cypresses and pines:

And some of the shorter pieces anticipate the terseness and elegance of Martial. The long fragment on the Civil War does not seem to be written so much with the view of parodying as of cnteiing into rivalry with the poem of Lucan. In the epigram extemporized by Trimalchio late on in the banquet:

we have probably a more deliberate parody of the style of verses produced by the illiterate aspirants to be in the fashion of the day. We might conjecture that the chief gift to which Petronius owed his social and his literary success was that of humorous mimicry. In Trimalchio and his various guests, in the old poet, in the cultivated, depraved and moody Encolpius, in the Chrysis, Quartilla, Polyaenis, &c., we recognize in living examples the play of those those various appetites, passions and tendencies which satirists deal with as abstract qualities. Another gift he possesses in a high degree, which must have availed him in society as well as in literature—the gift of story-telling; and some of the stories which first appear in the Satirae—e.g. that of the Matron of Ephesus—have enjoyed a great reputation in later times. His style, too, is that of an excellent talker, who could have discussed questions of taste and literature with the most cultivated men of any time as well as amused the most dissolute society of any time in their most reckless revels One phrase of his is often quoted by many who have never come upon It in its original context, “Horatii curiosa felicitas.”

.—Until about 1650 only part of the Banquet of Trimalchio, with the other fragments of the work, was known. The best MS of this type is a Leiden MS., a copy by Scaliger of one which seems to have belonged to Cujacius. Marinus Statilius (see, however, Ellis, Journal of Philology, 12, p. 266) discovered at Trau in Dalmat1a a MS containing the whole Banquet, which was first published at Padua in 1664.

The important editions are (1) with explanatory notes Burmann (Amsterdam, 1743, with Heinsius’s notes), and of the Cena only, Friedlander (Leipzig, 2nd ed., 1906) and Lowe (Cambridge, 1904); (2) with critical notes Bucheler (Berlin, 1862, 4th ed, 1904). Translations into German in Friedlander’s edition (Cena only), into French by de Guerle (complete, in Garnier's Bibliothèque), into English in Lowe’s edition (Cena only) and Bohn’s series (complete) Lexicon to Petronius by Segebade and Lommatsch (Leipzig, 1898) Criticism, &c, in Haley, “Quaestt Petron” (Harvard Studies, 1891), Collignon, Étude sur Petrone (Paris, 1892), Emile Thomas, L’Envers de la societé romaine d’après Petrone (Paris, 1892), Hirzel, Der Dialog, 11 (Leipzig, 1895); Tyrrell, Latin Poetry (London, 1895), Norden, Antike Kunstprosa i (Leipzig, 1898), Henderson, Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero (London, 1903), Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (London, 1905), and the various histories of Roman literature (especially Schanz, §§ 395 sqq.)

PETROPAVLOVSK, a town of West Siberia, in the government of Altmolinsk, on the right bank of the Ishim river, and on the great Siberian highway, 170 m. by rail W. of Omsk. The population, 7850 in 1865, was 21,706 in 1900, of whom one-third were Mahommedan Kirghiz. The town carries on an active trade in cattle, furs, tea, wool, skins, cottons, woollen stuffs, corn, metals, metallic wares and spirits The small fort of Petropavlovsk was founded in 1752, and was the military centre of the Ishim line of fortifications.

is also the name of a Russian seaport in Kamchatka, on the eastern shore off the Bay of Avacha, In 53° N and 158° 44′ E. Its harbour, one of the best on the Pacific, is little used, and the town consists merely of a few huts with some 400 inhabitants. Its naval institutions were transferred to Nikolayevsk after the attack of the Anglo-French fleet in 1854.

PETROPOLIS, a city of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in an elevated valley of the Serra de Estrella, 2634 ft. above sea level and 27 m. N of the city of Rio de Janeiro, with which it is connected by a combined railway and steamship line, and also by a longer railway line. Pop. of the municipality (1900) 20,331, a large percentage being summer residents, as the census was taken late in December, (1902, municipal census, 18,373). Petropolis is served by the Principe do Grão Pará railway, now a part of the Leopoldina system, which connects with Rio de Janeiro and Nictheroy on the coast, and with the station of Entre Rios on the Central of Brazil railway. Its altitude gives the city a cool invigorating climate, making it a favourite summer residence for the well to-do classes of Rio. The rainfall is abundant, and especially so in summer (December to March) when the humidity is extreme. Vegetation is luxuriant and comprises a great variety of tropical and sub-tropical species. The city is built in a large, irregularly shaped basin formed by streams which converge to form the Piabanha river, a tributary of the Parahyba do Sul. Among the public buildings are the old imperial palace, a modern summer residence of the national executive and a municipal hall. Although Petropolis is not a commercial centre, its water-power and cool climate are making it an important manufacturing town Among the products are cotton fabrics and garments, beer, and Camembert and Brie cheeses.

Petropolis was founded in 1845 by Julius Frederick Koler under the auspices of the emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II, on lands purchased by his father, Dom Pedro I., in 1822. The place was previously known as Corrego Secco, which Dr George Gardner described in 1837 as “a small, miserable village.” The first emperor planned to establish there a German colony, but the plan was not realized until 1845, when about 2700 colonists from Germany were located there. Its growth was slow, but the choice of the place by the emperor as a summer residence drew thither many of the wealthy residents of the capital. The Mauá railway was opened to the foot of the serra (Raiz da Serra) in 1854, and the macadamized road up the serra to the town in 1856. The mountain section of the railway, on the Riggenbach system, was completed in 1883. Petropolis has since become the summer residence of the diplomatic corps and of the higher officials of the Federal government, and was the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1893 to 1902.

PETROVSK, a seaport of Russia in Transcaucasia, on the Caspian Sea, in the province of Daghestan, 180 m. by rail E. of Vladikavkaz, and 235 m. N.W. from Baku. Pop. 9806. The town has become the port of embarkation for Krasnovodsk, the Transcaspian territory, and the Central Asian khanates. There are naphtha wells, and the hot sulphur baths at Ak-gol and Talga, close by, attract many visitors in summer.

 PETROVSK, a town of eastern Russia, in the government of Saratov, on the Medvyeditsa, a tributary of the Don, 60 m. N.W. of the town of Saratov. Pop. (1864), 10,128; (1897), 13,212. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1698 as a defence against the Kuban Tatars. Its industrial establishments include distilleries, tanneries, tallow and brickworks.

 PETROZAVODSK, a town and episcopal see of Russia, capital of the government of Olonets, on the west shore of Lake Onega, 190 m. N.E. of St Petersburg. Pop (1865), 11,027, (1897), 12,521. Two cathedrals, built towards the end of the 18th century, a mining school, an ecclesiastical seminary and a government cannon-foundry are the Chief public buildings and institutions. Peter the Great founded ironworks here in 1703, but they continued in operation only twenty-four years The cannon-foundry was instituted in 1774. Petrozavodsk became the capital of the government of Olonets in 1802.

PETRUCCI, PANDOLFO (d. 1512), tyrant of Siena, spent the greater part of his youth in exile, on account of the civil strife by which his native town of Siena was torn; but on the triumph of the party of the Noveschi (those who supported the Council of Nine) in 1487 he was able to return home. On the death of his brother Giacopo, one of the most powerful men in the city, Pandolfo succeeded to all the latter’s offices and emoluments (1497), thus becoming in fact if not in name master of Siena. By his marriage with Aurelia, daughter of Nicola Borghese, another very influential citizen, he still further strengthened his authority But he soon began to abuse his power by selling public office to