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 cylinder. Of all other lines they will be ellipses with the centre at the eye. If the cylinder be developed into a plane, then these ellipses will be changed into curves of sines. Parallel lines are thus represented by curves of sines which have two points in common. There is no difficult in making all the constructions on a small scale on the drawing board and then transferring them to the cylinder.

§ 10. A variety of instruments have been proposed to facilitate perspective drawings. If the problem is to make a drawing from nature then a camera obscura or, better, Wollaston’s camera lucida. may be used. Other instruments are made for the construction of perspective drawings. It will often happen that the vanishing point of some direction which would be very useful in the construction falls at a great distance off the paper, and various methods have been proposed of drawing lines through such a point. For some of these see Stanley’s Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing Instruments.

PERSPIRATION (Lat. per, through, and spirare, to breathe), the excretion of sweat from the sweat-glands of the skin. Sweat is a clear colourless neutral or slightly alkaline fluid containing 2% of solids. Under pathological conditions, sugar urea and other substances are found. The secretion of sweat is constantly going on, the activity of the sweat-glands being under control of the central nervous system. The only function of sweat is the regulation of the heat discharge from the body. The chief morbid conditions of the sweat-glands are excessive sweating (Hyperidrosis) and foetid sweating (Bromidrosis). Excessive sweating is a symptom observed in various diseases, such as tuberculosis and rheumatic fever, but it may exist apart from such conditions, and either be general, affecting the whole body, or confined to a part, such as the axillae, head, hands, feet, or, as in some rare instances, the one half of the body. Excessive perspiration may often be prevented by the cold bath, and by tonics, such as iron, quinine, strychnia, &c. Locally, the use of astringent lotions of vinegar or a weak solution of lead will also be of service. Foetid sweating most frequently affects the feet, specially in those who have much fatigue, and is apparently due to rapid decomposition in the perspiration which has saturated the stockings; these should be frequently changed and the feet washed several times a day, dried carefully, and dusted with some antiseptic powder.

PERTAB (or ) SINGH,, maharaja of Idar (1844–), native Indian soldier and statesman, belonging to the Rahtor Rajputs of the Jodha class, was born in 1844, being the son of Maharaja Takht Singh, ruler of Marwar (or Jodhpur). In 1878 and again in 1879 he was chief minister of Jodhpur. In the following year he accompanied the British mission to Afghanistan, and on his return he carried out many judicious reforms and administered Jodhpur with remarkable success. He visited England to take part in the celebration of the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria’s reign He served on the staffs of Sir William Lockhart and General Elles in the Tirah and Momand expeditions in 1897–98, was slightly wounded, was mentioned in dispatches, and promoted to the rank of full colonel. He won the reputation of being one of the keenest sportsmen and the best riders that even Rajputana has produced. When it was decided to send a force from India to China in 1900 to relieve the foreign embassies besieged in Peking, Sir Pertab Singh at once offered the services of the Jodhpur Lancers, and himself accompanied them. His father rendered good services to the British government in the Mutiny, and Pertab Singh always cherished the memory of the protection given to Jodhpur by the East India Company in 1818. His services to the empire in India were universally recognized. From Queen Victoria he received the honour of knighthood and the Bath and the Star of India; from King Edward VII. the distinction of “aide-de-camp”; and the university of Cambridge gave him the degree of LL.D. From his own state of Jodhpur he obtained the title of Maharaja-Dhiraj In 1901 he succeeded to the rulership of the state of Idar.

PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF. The Scottish title of earl of Perth was bestowed upon James, 4th Lord Drummond (d. 1611) in 1605 His ancestor Sir John Drummond (d. 1519) had been created Lord Drummond in 1488 The 1st earl’s great nephew, James, 4th earl and 1st duke of Perth (1648–1716), was a son of James, the 3rd earl (c. 1615–1675). When John Maitland, duke of Lauderdale, was virtually the dictator of Scotland, Perth was among his opponents, and after Lauderdale’s retirement in 1680 he was one of the committee of seven which managed Scottish affairs. He was made justice-general and extraordinary lord of session in 1682, and was lord chancellor of Scotland from 1684 to 1688. As a convert to Roman Catholicism after the death of Charles II, he stood high in the favour of James II. Perth, who is credited with the introduction of the thumbscrew, was very unpopular with the Scottish people, and during the Revolution of 1688 he was imprisoned at Stirling. Released from captivity in 1693 he joined James II. at St Germains, and was made duke of Perth, a titular dignity only after the exiled king’s death in 1701. His son James (c. 1675–1720) was with James II. in Ireland, and led the cavalry at the battle of Sheriffmuir. He was at tainted in 1715, but claimed the dukedom of Perth after his father’s death. His son James (1713–1746), regarded by friends and dependants as the 3rd duke of Perth, fought for the Young Pretender at Prestonpans and Culloden. His brother and heir, John, the 4th duke (c. 1716–1747), also joined Charles Edward, and fought at Falkirk and Culloden. The titular dukedom became extinct when the sixth holder, Edward, another son of the 1st duke, died in 1760.

The earldom was then claimed by Edward’s cousin, James Lundin (1707–1781), a grandson of the 1st titular duke of Melfort, who was a brother of the 1st duke of Perth and took the name of Drummond. His son James (1744–1800) secured the Drummond estates in 1783, and was created a British peer as Lord Perth and Baron Drummond in 1797. On his death without sons in July 1800 his barony became extinct, but the claim to the earldom of Perth was inherited by his kinsman, the 4th titular duke of Melfort, and his descendants (see below). The Drummond estates, however, passed to the baron’s daughter Clementina (d. 1865), afterwards the wife of Peter Robert, 20th Lord Willoughby de Eresby, and thence to her descendant the earl of Ancaster.

The 1st duke’s brother, John (c. 1650–1715), earl of Melfort, rose to favour under Charles II. about the same time as his brother; like him, too, he became a Roman Catholic in 1686. In 1684 he was made secretary of state for Scotland, in 1686 he was created earl of Melfort by James II., and during his reign he took a leading part in Scottish affairs. After the Revolution of 1688 his great influence with James II. and with Mary of Modena drew upon him the hatred both of the French and of the Irish. He was with James II. at St Germains, but lost his former ascendancy, and died in Paris on the 25th of January 1715. In 1694 he was made duke of Melfort, and all his titles were held under the singular condition that they should descend to the children of his second wife, Euphemia (d. 1743), daughter of Sir Thomas Wallace, in preference to his children by his first wife, Sophia Lundin, who were Protestants. In 1701 Melfort was recognized as a French peer, the duc de Melfort, by Louis XIV. In 1695 he had been at tainted, but his titles were claimed by John (1682–1754), his eldest son by his second Wife, who shared in the rising of 1715. In 1800 John’s grandson, James Louis, 4th titular duke of Melfort, claimed the earldom of Perth. This claim was unsuccessful, but in 1853 George (1807–1902), nominally 6th duke of Melfort, obtained a reversal of the various attainder’s, and his own recognition as earl of Perth and Melfort. The succeeding earl was his kinsman, William Huntly Drummond, Viscount Strathallan (1871–).

PERTH, the capital of Western Australia, situated on the Swan River, 12 m. by rail from the sea at Fremantle, and about 1700 m. W.N.W. of Melbourne. It is the seat of both Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops, and has two cathedrals. The fashionable street is St George’s Terrace; in it are situated the public library, the government boys’ school, the stock exchange, the town-hall, the government offices and the parliament buildings between it and the broad reach of the river known as Perth Water lie the governor’s residence and domain. The