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 of French-speaking Switzerland, the Bibliothèque universelle (1816), which has also had a scientific and a literary series. The Revue suisse (1838) was produced at Neuchâtel. These two have been amalgamated and appear as the Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse. La Suisse romande (1885) only lasted twelve months. Théologie et philosophie (1868–1872), an account of foreign literature on those subjects, was continued as Revue de théologie et de philosophie (1873) at Lausanne. Among current serials may be mentioned Archives de psychologie de la Suisse romande (1901) edited by Flournoy and Claparède; Jahresverzeichnis der schweizerischen Universitätsschriften (1897–1898); Untersuchungen zur neueren Sprach- und Literaturgeschichte (1903); Zwingliana: Mitteilungen zur Geschichte Zwingli und der Reformation (1897).

Prompted by M. A. Ricci, Francesco Nazzari, the future cardinal, established in 1668 the Giornale de' letterati upon the plan of the French Journal des savants. His collaborateurs each agreed to undertake the criticism of a separate literature while Nazzari retained the general editorship and the analysis of the French books. The journal was continued to 1675, and another series was carried on to 1769. Bacchini brought out at Parma (1688–1690) and at Modena (1692–1697) a periodical with a similar title. A much better known Giornale was that of Apostolo Zeno, founded with the help of Maffei and Muratori (1710), continued after 1718 by Pietro Zeno, and after 1728 by Mastraca and Paitoni. Another Giornale, to which Fabroni contributed, was published at Pisa from 1771 onwards. The Galleria di Minerva was first published at Venice in 1696. One of the many merits of the antiquary Lami was his connexion with the Novelle letterarie (1740–1770), founded by him, and after the first two years almost entirely written by him. Its learning and impartiality gave it much authority. The Frusta letteraria (1763–1765) was brought out at Venice by Giuseppe Baretti under the pseudonym of Aristarco Scannabue. The next that deserve mention are the Giornale enciclopedico (1806) of Naples, followed by the Progresso delle scienze (1833–1848) and the Museo di scienze e letteratura of the same city, and the Giornale arcadico (1819) of Rome. Among the contributors to the Poligrafo (1811) of Milan were Monti, Perticari, and some of the first names in Italian literature. The Biblioteca italiana (1816–1840) was founded at Milan by the favour of the Austrian government, and the editorship was offered to and declined by Ugo Foscolo. It rendered service to Italian literature by its opposition to the Della-Cruscan tyranny Another Milanese serial was the Conciliatore (1818–1820), which although it only lived two years, will be remembered for the endeavours made by Silvio Pellico, Camillo Ugoni and its other contributors to introduce a more dignified and courageous method of criticism. After its suppression and the falling off in interest of the Biblioteca italiana the next of an merit to appear was the Antologia, a monthly periodical brought out at Florence in 1820 by Gino Capponi and Giampetro Vieusseux, but suppressed in 1833 on account of an epigram of Tommaseo, a principal writer. Some striking papers were contributed by Giuseppe Mazzini. Naples had in 1832 Il Progresso of Carlo Troya, helped by Tommaseo and Centofanti, and Palermo owned the Giornale di statistica (1834), suppressed eight years later. The Archivio storico, consisting of reprints of documents with historical dissertations, dates from 1842, and was founded by Vieusseux and Gino Capponi. The Civiltà cattolica (1850), fortnightly, is still the organ of the Jesuits. The Rivista contemporanea (1852) was founded at Turin in emulation of the French Revue des deux mondes, which has been the type followed by so many continental periodicals. The Politecnico (1839) of Milan was suppressed in 1844 and revived in 1859. The Nuova antologia (1866) soon acquired a well-deserved reputation as a high-class review and magazine; its rival, the Rivista europea, being the special organ of the Florentine men of letters. The Rassegna settimanale was a weekly political and literary review, which after eight years of existence gave place to a daily newspaper, the Rassegna. The Archivio trentino (1882) was the organ of “Italia Irredenta.” The Rassegna nazionale, conducted by the marchese Manfredo di Passano, a chief of the moderate clerical party, the Nuova rivista of Turin, the Fanfulla della Domenica, and the Gazzetta letteraria may also be mentioned.

Some of the following are still published: Annali di matematica (1867); Annuario di giurisprudenza (1883); Archivio dz statistica (1876); Archivio storico lombardo (1874); Archivio veneto (1871); Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari; Archivio per la zoologia; Il Bibliofilo; Il Filangieri (1876); La Natura (1884); Nuovo giornale botanico (1869); Giornale degli eruditi (1883); Giornale di filologia romanza; Nuova rivista Internazionale (1879); La Rassegna italiana (1881), Revue internationale (1883). In more recent years a great expansion has been witnessed. Local reviews have largely increased, as well as those devoted to history, science and university undertakings. Among representative serials are the following—Archaeology: Museo italiano di antichita classica (1885) with atlas in folio; Oriens christianus (1901); Nuovo bollettino di archeologia cristiana, quarterly at Rome (1895). Bibliography: Rivista delle biblioteche e degli archivi (1888), published monthly at Rome and Florence, the official organ of librarians and archivists; Giornale

della libreria della tipografia (1888), supplement to the Bibliografia italiana; Bollettino di bibliografia e storia delle scienze matematiche (1898); La Bibliofilia (1899), Florence, monthly; Raccolta Vinciana (1904). Philology: Bollettino di filologia classica (1894); Giornale italiano di filologia e linguistica classica (1886); Studi di filologia romanza (1835); Studi italiani di filologia classica (1893); Bessarione, bi-monthly. No class has developed more usefully than the historical, among them being: Bollettino dell’ instituto storico italiano (1886); Nuovo archivio veneto (1890); Rivista di storia antica e scienze affini (1895); Rivista storica italiana (1884). New literary and scientific reviews are: L’Alighieri, rivista di cose dantesche (1889); Giornale dantesco (1894); Giornale storico della letteratura italiana (1883); Studi di letteratura italiana (1899), Studi medievali (1904); L’Arcadia, periodico mensile di scienze, lettere, ed arti (1889); Periodico di matematica per l’insegnamento secondario (1885); Rivista di matematica (1891); Rivista philosofica (1899); Rivista d’Italia, monthly at Rome. Fine Arts: L’Arte, monthly; Arte italiana, monthly; Rassegna d’arte, monthly.

.—See G. Ottino, La Stampa periodica in Italia (Milan, 1875); Raccolta dei periodici presentata all’ esposizione in Milano (1881); A. Roux, La Littérature contemporaine en Italie (1871–1883), Paris, 1883.

The Journal encyclopédique (1756–1793) founded by P. Rousseau, made Liége a propagandist centre for the philosophical party. In the same city was also first established L’Esprit des journaux (1772–1818), styled by Sainte-Beuve “cette considérable et excellente collection,” but “journal voleur et compilateur.” The Journal historique et littéraire (1788–1790) was founded at Luxemburg by the Jesuit De Feller; having been suppressed there, it was transferred to Liége, and subsequently to Maestricht. It is one of the most curious of the Belgian periodicals of the 18th century, and contains most precious materials for the national history. A complete set is very rare and much sought after. The Revue belge (1835–1843), in spite of the support of the best writers of the kingdom, as well as its successor the Revue de Liége (1844–1847), the Trésor national (1842–1843), published at Brussels, and the Revue de Belgique (1846–1851) were all short-lived. The Revue de Bruxelles (1837–1848), supported by the nobility and the clergy, had a longer career. The Revue nationale was the champion of Liberalism, and came to an end in 1847. The Messager des sciences historiques (1833), at Ghent, was in repute on account of its historical and antiquarian character. The Revue catholique, the organ of the professors of the university of Louvain, began in 1846 a controversy with the Journal historique et littéraire of Kersten (1834) upon the origin of human knowledge, which lasted for many years and excited great attention. The Annales des travaux publics (1843), the Bulletin de l’industrie (1842), the Journal des beaux-arts (1858), and the Catholic Précis historiques (1852), the Protestant Chrétien belge (1850), are other examples. The Revue trimestrielle was founded at Brussels by Van Bemmel in 1854. The Athenaeum belge (1868) did not last long.

Among current periodicals in French are the following—Bibliography: Bulletin bibliographique et pédagogique du musée belge (1897); La Revue des bibliothèques et archives de Belgique (1903); Le Glaneur littéraire, musical et bibliographie (1901); Archives des arts et de la bibliographie de Belgique (Tables 1833–1853 and 1875–1894). Philosophy and ecclesiastic history: Revue neo-scholastique publiée par la société philosophique de Louvain (1894); Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique (1900), the organ of the Catholic university of Louvain; Revue bénédictine (1884); Analectes pour servir à l’histoire ecclésiastique de la Belgique, 2ᵉ série (1881–1904) and 3ᵉ série 1905), with an Annexe for Cartularies. Science: Archives internationales de physiologie (1902), published by Léon Fredericq; La Cellule, recueil de cytologie et d’histologie générale (1884); Le Muséon (1882); Le Mouvement géographique (1884); Le Musée belge (1897); Revue chirurgicale belge et du nord de la France (1901). Annales des mines belgiques appears quarterly, and L’Art moderne weekly at Brussels.

Among Flemish serials may be mentioned the Nederduitsche Letteroefeningen (1834); the Belgisch Museum (1836–1846), edited by Willems; the Broederhand, which did not appear after 1846; the Taalverbund of Antwerp; the Kunst- en Letterblad (1840–1843); and the Vlaemsche Rederyker (1844). Current Flemish periodicals include: Onze kunst geïllustreed maandschrift voor beeldende kunst (1900); Averbode’s weekblad Godsdienst huisgezin moedertaal (1907); De Raadselbode tolk van den vlamschen raadselliefhebber (1901); Rechtskundig tijdschrift voor vlamsch Belgie (1901).

It has been calculated that in 1860 there were 51 periodicals published in Belgium. In 1884 the number had increased to 412, and in 1908 to 1701.

See U. Capitaine, Recherches sur les journaux et les écrits périodiques liégeois (1850), Relevé de tous les écrits périodiques qui se publient dans le royaume de Belgique (1875), Catalogue des journaux, revues, et publications périodiques de la Belgique (1910), Revue bibliographique belge.

The first serial written in Dutch was the Boekzaal van Europa (1692–1708, and 1715–1748), which had several changes of name