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 of Lessing, Mendelssohn and Abbt. To Nicolai is also due the Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek (1765–1806), which embraced a much wider field and soon became extremely influential. Herder founded the Kritische Wälder in 1766. Der deutsche Merkur (1773–1789, revived 1790–1810) of Wieland was the solitary representative of the French school of criticism. A new era in German periodical literature began when Bertuch brought out at Jena in 1785 the Allgemeine Literaturzeitung, to which the leading writers of the country were contributors. On being transferred to Halle in 1804 it was replaced by the Jenaische allgemeine Literaturzeitung, founded by Eichstadt. Both reviews enjoyed a prosperous career down to the year 1848.

At the beginning of the 19th century we find the Erlanger Literaturzeitung (1799–1810), which had replaced a Gelehrte Zeitung (1746); the Leipziger Literaturzeitung (1800–1834); the Heidelbergische Jahrbücher der Literatur (1808–1872); and the Wiener Literaturzeitung (1813–1816), followed by the Wiener Jahrbücher der Literatur (1818–1848), both of which received government support and resemble the English Quarterly Review in their conservative politics and high literary tone. Hermes, founded at Leipzig in 1819 by W. T. Krug, was distinguished for its erudition, and came out down to 1831. One of the most remarkable periodicals of this class was the Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik (1827–1846), first published by Cotta. The Hallische Jahrbücher (1838–1842) was founded by Ruge and Echtermeyer, and supported by the government. The Repertorium der gesammten deutschen Literatur, established by Gersdorf in 1834, and known after 1843 as the Leipziger Repertorium der deutschen und ausländischen Literatur, existed to 1860. Buchner founded the Literarische Zeitung at Berlin in 1834. It was continued by Brandes down to 1849. The political troubles of 1848 and 1849 were most disastrous to the welfare of the literary and miscellaneous periodicals. Gersdorf’s Repertorium, the Gelehrte Anzeigen of Göttingen and of Munich, and the Heidelbergische Jahrbücher were the sole survivors. The Allgemeine Monatschrift für Literatur (1850), conducted after 1851 by Droysen, Nitzsch and others, continued only down to 1854; the Literarisches Centralblatt (1850) is still published. The Blätter für literarische Unterhaltung sprang out of the Literarisches Wochenblatt (1818), founded by Kotzebue; after 1865 it was edited by R. Gottschall with considerable success. Many of the literary journals did not disdain to occupy themselves with the fashions, but the first periodical of any merit specially devoted to the subject was the Bazar (1855). The first to popularize science was Natur (1852). The Hausblätter (1855), a bi-monthly magazine, was extremely successful. The Salon (1868) followed more closely the type of the English magazine. About this period arose a great number of weekly serials for popular reading, known as “Sonntagsblätter,” of which the Gartenlaube (1858) and Daheim (1864) are surviving examples.

In course of time a large number of similar publications were issued, some illustrated, for instance: Illustrierte Zeitung (Leipzig, 1843), Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung (1892), Die Woche (1899) the last the most widely circulated of the kind, 500,000 being printed.

At a somewhat earlier date commenced a long series of weekly and monthly periodicals of a more solid character, of which the following list indicates the more important in chronological order: Die Grenzboten (1862), weekly; the Deutsches Museum (1851–1857), of Prutz and Frenzel; Berliner Revue (1855–1873); Westermanns Monatshefte (1856), monthly; Unsere Zeit (1857–1891), beginning as a kind of supplement to Brockhaus’s Conversationslexikon; Preussische Jahrbücher (1858), monthly; Deutsches Magazin (1861–1863), Die Gegenwart (1873), weekly; Konservative Monatsschrift (1873), preceded by the Volksblatt für Stadt und Land (1843); Deutsche Rundschau (1874), fortnightly, conducted upon the method of the Revue des deux mondes; Deutsche Revue (1876), monthly; Nord und Süd (1877), monthly; Das Echo (1882), weekly; Die Zukunft (1882), weekly; Die neue Zeit (1883), weekly; Reclams Universum (1884), weekly; Velhagen und Klasings Monatshefte (1889), monthly, Die deutsche Rundschau (1890), monthly; Die Wahrheit (1893–1897); Kritik (1894–1902); Die Umschau (1897), weekly; Das literarische Echo (1898), fortnightly; Kynast (1898–1899), known later as Deutsche Zeitschrift (1899–1903) and Iduna (1903–1906); Der Turmer (1898), monthly; Die Warte (1900), weekly; Deutschland (1902–1907); Deutsche Monatsschrift (1902–1907); Hochland (1903), monthly; Charon (1904), monthly; Süddeutsche Monatshefte (1904); Der Deutsche (1905–1908); Deutsche Kultur (1905–1908); Arena (1906), monthly; Das Blaubuch (1906), weekly; Eckart (1906), monthly; Die Standarte (1906), weekly; März (1907), fortnightly, Morgen (1907), weekly; Neue Revue (1907), weekly; Internationale Wochenschrift für Wissenschaft, Kunst, und Technik (1907), weekly supplement to the Münchener allgemeine Zeitung; Wissen (1907), weekly; Unsere Zeit (1907), monthly; Hyperion (1908), bi-monthly; Xenien (1908), monthly; Das neue Jahrhundert (1909), monthly; Die Tal (1909), monthly.

Periodicals have been specialized in Germany to an extent perhaps unequalled in any other country. No subject of human interest is now without one or indeed several organs. Full details of these serials are supplied by a special class of periodical with which every department of science, art and literature in German-speaking countries is equipped, the Jahresberichte and Bibliographien, which give each year a full account of the literature of the subject with which they are concerned. The chief of these are:—

Bibliography and Librarianship: Bibliographie des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens (1905); Chemistry: Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Chemie (1847); Classical Archaeology and Philology: Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (1873); Education: Jahrbuch der pädagogischen Literatur (1901); Geography: Geographisches Jahrbuch (1874), Bibliotheca geographica (1891); History: Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft (1878); Fine Arts: Internationale Bibliographie der Kunstwissenschaft (1902); Law and Political Economy: Uebersicht der gesamten staats- und rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur (1868); Jurisprudentia Germaniae (1905); Bibliographie des bürgerlichen Rechts (1888); Bibliographie der Sozialwissenschaften (1905); Bibliographie für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1903); Bibliographie für Volkswirtschaftslehre und Rechtswissenschaft (1906); Literature and Languages: Bibliographie der vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte (1903); Jahresberichte für neuere deutsche Literaturgeschichte (1890); Jahresbericht über die Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der germanischen Philologie (1879); Uebersicht über die auf dem Gebiete der englischen Philologie erschienenen Bücher, Schriften, und Aufsätze (1878); Kritischer Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der romanischen Philologie (1875); ''Bibliographie für romanische Philologie—Supl. zur'' ''Zeitschr. roman. Philologie (1875); Orientalische Bibliographie'' (1888); Mathematics: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik (1869); Medicine and Surgery: Jahresbericht über die Leistungen und Fortschritte der gesamten Medizin (1866); Jahresbericht über die Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Veterinärmedizin (1881); Military: Jahresbericht über Veränderungen und Fortschritte im Militärwesen (1874); Jahresbericht über die Leistungen und Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete des Militärsanitätswesens (1873); Natural Science: Naturae novitates (1879), fortnightly; Bibliographie der deutschen naturwissenschaftlichen Literatur (1901); Bibliographia zoologica (1896); Zoologischer Jahresbericht (1879); Justs botanischer Jahresbericht (1873); Die Fortschritte der Physik (1847); Technicology: Repertorium der technischen Journalliteratur (1874); Theology: Theologischer Jahreisbericht (1881); Bibliographie der Kirchengeschichtlichen Literatur (1877).

The most notable periodicals of a general character have been the Wiener Jahrbücher der Literatur (1818–1848) and the Oesterreichische Revue (1863–1867). Among current examples the following may be mentioned: Heimgarten (1877), monthly; Oesterreichisch-Ungarische Revue (1886), monthly; Allgemeines Literaturblatt (1892), fortnightly; Die Kultur (1899), quarterly; Deutsche Arbeit (1900), monthly; Oesterreichische Rundschau (1904), fortnightly; Die Karpathen (1907); fortnightly.

There were in Austria 22 literary and 41 special periodicals in 1848, and 110 literary and 413 special periodicals in 1873 (see the statistical inquiry of Dr Johann Winckler, Die period. Presse Oesterreichs, 1875). In 1905 the total number had increased to 806, of which 564 were published in Vienna.

According to the Deutscher Zeitschriften-Katalog (1874), 2219 periodicals were published in Austria, Germany and Switzerland in 1874 in the German language. In 1905 the number of periodicals in German-speaking countries was 5066, of which 3019 appeared in Germany (in Berlin alone 1107) 806 in Austria and 218 in Switzerland (Börsenblatt für den deutschen Buchhandel, 1909, No. 124).

.—C. Juncker, Schediasma de ephemeridibus eruditorum (Leipzig, 1692); H. Kurz, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur (Leipzig, 1852); R. Prutz, Geschichte des deutschen Journalismus (1845) vol. i.,—unfortunately it does not go beyond 1713 ) ; H. Wuttke, Die deutschen Zeitschriften (1875); P. E. Richter, Verzeichnis der Periodica im Besitze der k. off. Bibl. zu Dresden (1880); Generalkatalog der laufenden periodischen Druckschriften an den oesterr. Universitäts- und Studienbibliotheken hrsg. von F. Grassauer (Vienna, 1898); Königliche Bibliothek zu Berlin, Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der laufenden Zeitschriften (1908); Systematisches Verzeichnis der laufenden Zeitschriften (1908); Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der laufenden Zeitschriften, welche von der K. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek München und einer Anzahl anderer Bibliotheken Bayern gehalten werden (München, 1909); Kürschner, Jahrbuch der Presse (1902); Sperlings Zeitschriften Adressbuch (Stuttgart, 1910); Bibliographisches Repertorium, Berlin: Walzel-Houben, Zeitschriften der Romantik (1904); Houben, Zeitschriften des jungen Deutschlands (1906); Luck, Die deutsche Fachpresse (Tübingen, 1908). The Bibliographie der deutschen Zeitschriftenliteratur, edited by F. Dieterich, which has appeared annually since 1896, describes about 1300 periodicals (mostly scientific) by subjects and titles; from 1900 it has been supplemented by Bibliographie der deutschen Recensionen, which indexes notices and reviews in over 1000 serials each year, chiefly scientific and technical.

The Nova litteraria helvetica (1703–1715) of Zurich is the earliest literary periodical which Switzerland can show. From 1728 to 1734 a Bibliothèque italique, and towards the end of the century the Bibliothèque britannique (1796–1815), dealing with agriculture, literature, and science, in three separate series, were published at Geneva. The latter was followed by the leading periodical