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 serious rivals of the Revue des deux mondes, Revue française d’Edimbourg (1897); Revue germanique (1905); Le Livre (1880), dealing with bibliography and literary history, and La Revue latine (1902), no longer published; La Revue, monthly.

Mathematics.—Intermédiaire des mathématiciens (1894); Bulletin des sciences mathématiques (1896); Revue de mathématiques spéciales (1890); Journal de mathematiques pures et appliquées, quarterly.

Medicine.—Revue de médecine (1881); Annales de l’École de plein exercise de médicine et de pharmacie de Marseille (1891), La Chronique médecale (1893); Revue de gynécologie, bi-monthly; La Semaine médicale, weekly; Journal d’hygiene, monthly.

Military.—Revue des troupes coloniales, monthly; La Revue d’infantrie, monthly

Music.—Musica (1902); Revue d’histoire et de critique musicale (1901); Annales de la musique; Le Ménestral, weekly.

Philology.—L’Année linguistique (1901–1902); Bulletin de la société des parlers de France (1893); Bulletin des humanités français (1894); Bulletin hispanique (1899); Bulletin italien (1901); Lou-Gai-Sabé-Antoulongio prouvençalo (1905); Le Maître phonétique (1886); Le Moyen Age (1888); Revue de la renaissance (1901); Revue de métrique et de versification (1894–1895); Revue des études grecques (1888); Revue des études rabelaisiennes (1903); Revue des parlers populaires (1902); Revue des patois (1887); Revue hispanique (1894); Revue celtique, quarterly, Revue de philologie française et de littérature.

Philosophy and Psychology.—Revue philosophique (1876), monthly; Annales des sciences psychiques (1891); L’Année philosophique (1890), critical and analytical review of all philosophical works appearing during the year; L’Année psychologique (1894); Journal de psychologie normale et pathologie (1904); Bulletin de l’institut général de psychologie (1903); Revue de l’hypnotisme et de la psychologie physiologique (1900); Revue de métaphysique et de morale (1893); Revue de philosophie (1900); Revue de psychiatrie (1897).

Physics and Chemistry.—Bulletin des sciences physiques (1888); L’Éclairage électrique (1894); Le Radium (1904); Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées (1890); Revue pratique de l’électricité (1892).

Popular and Family Reviews.—A travers le monde (1898); Femina (1901), Je sais tout (1905); La Lecture moderne (1901); La Revue hebdomadaire (1892); Les Lectures pour tous (1898); Mon bonheur (1902); La Vie heureuse (1902).

Science (General).—La Nature, weekly; Revue scientifique (1863), weekly; La Science française, monthly.—Science (Applied): Les inventions illustrées, weekly; Revue industrielle, weekly.—Science (Natural): Archives de biologie, Journal de botanique (1887); L’Année biologique (1895); Revue des sciences naturelles de l’ouest (1891); Revue générale de botanique (1889); La Pisciculture pratique (1895).—Science (Political, Sociological and Statistical): Annales économiques (founded as La France commerciale in 1885); L’Année sociologique (1896–1897); Bulletin de l’office du travail (1894); Bulletin de l’office international du travail (1902); Le Mouvement socialiste—international bi-monthly (1899); Notices et comptes rendus de l’office du travail (1892); L’Orient et l’abeille du Bosphore (1889); Revue politique et parlementaire (1894); Revue international de sociologie, monthly.

.—L’Aérophile (1893); L’Aéronautique (1902); L’Aérostation (1904); La Vie au grand air (1898); La Vie automobile (1901); Revue de l’aéronautique (1888).

.—The subject of French periodicals has been exhaustively treated in the valuable works of Eugène Hatin—Histoire de la presse en France (8 vols., 1859–1861), Les Gazettes de Hollande et la presse clandestine aux 17e et 18e siècles (1865), and Bibliographie de la presse périodique française (1866). See also Catalogue de l’histoire de France (11 vols., 1855–1879), V. Gébé, Catalogue des Journaux, &c., publiés à Paris (1879); Brunet, Manuel du libraire, avec supplément (8 vols., 1860–1880); F. Mège, Les Journaux et écrits périodiques de la Basse Auvergne (1869); Bulletin des sommaires des journaux (1888); D. Jordell, Répertoire bibliographique des principales revues françaises (3 vols., 1897–1899, 1898–1900), indexes about 350 periodicals; Annuaire de la presse française et du monde politique (1909–1910); Le Soudier, Annuaire des journaux, revues et publications périodiques parus à Paris jusqu'en 1909 (1910) For lists of general indexes consult Stein, Manuel de bibliographie générale (1897), pp. 637–710.

The earliest trace of the literary journal in German is to be found in the Erbauliche Monatsunterredungen (1663) of the poet Johann Rist and in the Miscellanea curiosa medico-physica (1670–1704) of the Academia naturae curiosorum Leopoldina-Carolina, the first scientific annual, uniting the features of the Journal des savants and of the Philosophical Transactions. D. G. Morhof, the author of the well-known Polyhistor, conceived the idea of a monthly serial to be devoted to the history of modern books and learning, which came to nothing. While professor of morals at Leipzig, Otto Mencke planned the Acta eruditorum, with a view to make known, by means of analyses, extracts and reviews, the new works produced throughout Europe. In 1680 he travelled in England and Holland in order to obtain literary assistance, and

the first number appeared in 1682, under the title of Acta eruditorum lipsiensium, and, like its successors, was written in Latin. Among the contributors to subsequent numbers were Leibnitz, Seckendorf and Cellarius. A volume came out each year, with supplements. After editing about thirty volumes Mencke died, leaving the publication to his son, and the Acta remained in the possession of the family down to 1745, when they extended to 117 volumes, which form an extremely valuable history of the learning of the period. A selection of the dissertations and articles was published at Venice in 7 vols. 4to (1740). The Acta soon had imitators. The Ephemerides litterariae (1686) came out at Hamburg in Latin and French. The Nova litteraria maris Balthici et Septentrionis (1698–1708) was more especially devoted to north Germany and the universities of Kiel, Rostock and Dorpat. Supplementary to the preceding was the Nova litteraria Germaniae collecta Hamburgi (1703–1709), which from 1707 widened its field of view to the whole of Europe. At Leipzig was produced the Teutsche acta eruditorum (1712), an excellent periodical, edited by J. G. Rabener and C. G. Jocher, and continued from 1740 to 1758 as Zuverlässige Nachrichten. It included portraits.

The brilliant and enterprising Christian Thomasius brought out periodically, in dialogue form, his Monatsgespräche (1688–1690), written by himself in the vernacular, to defend his novel theories against the alarmed pedantry of Germany, and, together with Strahl, Buddeus and others, Observationes selectae ad rem litterariam spectantes (1700), written in Latin. W. E. Tenzel also published Monatliche Unterredungen (1689–1698), continued from 1704 as Curieuse Bibliothek, and treating various subjects in dialogue form. After the death of Tenzel the Bibliothek was carried on under different titles by C. Woltereck, J. G. Krause and others, down to 1721. Of much greater importance than these was the Monatlicher Auszug (1701), supported by J. G. Eccard and Leibnitz. Another periodical on Thomasius’s plan was Neue Unterredungen (1702), edited by N. H. Gundling. The Gundlingiana of the latter person, published at Halle (1715–1732), and written partly in Latin and partly in German by the editor, contained a miscellaneous collection of juridical, historical and theological observations and dissertations.

Nearly all departments of learning possessed their several special periodical organs about the close of the 17th or the beginning of the 18th century. The Anni franciscanorum (1680) was edited by the Jesuit Stiller; and J. S. Adami published, between 1690 and 1713, certain theological repertories under the name of Deliciae. Historical journalism was first represented by Electa juris publici (1709), philology by Neue acerra philologica (1715–1723), philosophy by the Acta philosophorum (1715–1727), medicine by Der patriotische Medikus (1725), music by Der musikalische Patriot (1725), and education by Die Matrone (1728). Reference has already been made to the Miscellanea curiosa medico-physica (1670–1704); the Monatliche Erzählungen (1689) was also devoted to natural science.

Down to the early part of the 18th century Halle and Leipzig were the headquarters of literary journalism in Germany. Other centres began to feel the need of similar organs of opinion. Hamburg had its Niedersächsische neue Zeitungen, styled from 1731 Niedersächsische Nachrichten, which came to an end in 1736, and Mecklenburg owned in 1710 its Neuer Vorrath, besides others brought out at Rostock. Prussia owes the foundation of its literary periodicals to G. P. Schulze and M. Lilienthal, the former of whom began with Gelehrtes Preussen (1722), continued under different titles down to 1729; the latter helped with the Erläutertes Preussen (1724), and was the sole editor of the Acta borussica (1730–1732). Pomerania and Silesia also had their special periodicals in the first quarter of the 18th century. Franconia commenced with Nova litteraria, and Hesse with the Kurze Historie, both in 1725. In south Germany appeared the Württembergische Nebenstunden (1718), and the Parnassus boicus, first published at Munich in 1722. The Frankfürter gelehrte Zeitungen was founded in 1736 by S. T. Hocker, and existed down to 1790. Austria owned Das merkwürdige Wien.

In 1715 the Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachen was founded by J. G. Krause at Leipzig and carried on by various editors down to 1797. It was the first attempt to apply the form of the weekly political journal to learned subjects, and was imitated in the Vermischte Bibliothek (1718–1720) and the Bibltotheca novissima (1718–1721), both founded by J. G. Francke in Halle. Shortly after the foundation of the university of Göttingen appeared Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachsen (1739), still famous as the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, which during its long and influential career has been conducted by professors of that university, and among others by Haller, Heyne and Eichhorn.

Influenced by a close study of English writers, the two Swiss, Bodmer and Breitinger, established Die Discurse der Maler (1721), and by paying more attention to the matter of works reviewed than to their manner, commenced a critical method new to Germany. The system was attacked by Gottsched, who, educated in the French school, erred in the opposite direction. The struggle between the two parties gave fresh life to the literature of the country but German criticism of the higher sort can only be said really to begin with Lessing. The Berlin publisher Nicolai founded the Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften, and afterwards handed it over to C. F. Weisse in order to give his whole energy to the Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend (1759–1765), carried on by the help