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Rh York to settle a strike in the Carnegie steel works at Homestead in 1892 precipitated a serious riot, in which about twenty persons were killed. It was necessary to call out two brigades of the state militia before the disorder was finally suppressed. The labour unions took advantage of this trouble to force Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Colorado and several other states to pass anti-Pinkerton statutes making it illegal to import irresponsible armed men from a distance to quell local disturbances. On the political side the chief features in the history of the state since 1865 have been the adoption of the constitution of 1873, the growth of the Cameron-Quay-Penrose political machine, and the attempts of the reformers to overthrow its domination. The constitution of 1838, which superseded that of 1790, extended the functions of the legislature, limited the governor's power of appointment, and deprived negroes of the right of suffrage. The provision last mentioned was nullified by the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the constitution of the United States. The chief object of the present state constitution (1873) was to prohibit local and special legislation. It increased the number of senators and representatives, created the office of lieutenant-governor, substituted biennial for annual sessions of the legislature, introduced minority representation in the choice of the higher judiciary and of the county commissioners and auditors and provided (as had an amendment adopted in 1850) for the election of all judges by popular vote. The political organization founded by (q.v.) and strengthened by his son, James Donald Cameron, Matthew Stanley Quay and Boies Penrose (b. 1860), is based upon the control of patronage, the distribution of state funds among favoured banks, the support of the Pennsylvania railway and other great corporations, and upon the ability of the leaders to persuade the electors that it is necessary to vote the straight Republican ticket to save the protective system. Robert E. Pattison (1850–1904), a Democrat, was elected governor in 1883 and again in 1891, but he was handicapped by Republican legislatures. In 1905 a Democratic state treasurer was elected.

.—For the physiography of Pennsylvania, see W. S. Tower's &ldquo;Regional and Economic Geography of Pennsylvania,&rdquo; in the Bulletins of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, vols. iv., v. and vi. (Philadelphia, 1904–1908); J. P. Lesley, A Summary Description of the Geology of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1892–1895); C. B. Trego, A Geography of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1843); and Topographic and Geologic Survey of Pennsylvania, 1906–1908 (Harrisburg, 1909). For industrial statistics see reports of the Twelfth United States Census, the Special Reports on Manufactures in 1905, by the United States Census Bureau, the annual reports on the Mineral Resources of the United States, by the United States Geological Survey, and the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture.

For the administration of the state see: The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, adopted December 16, 1873, amended November 5, 1901 (Harrisburg, 1902); S. George et al. (editors), Laws of Pennsylvania, 1682–1700, preceded by the Duke of York's Laws, 1676–1682 (Harrisburg, 1879); A. J. Dallas (editor), Laws of Pennsylvania, 1700–1801 (Philadelphia and Lancaster, 1797–1801); Laws of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania