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 controversy was then agitating the university, and Paiey published an anonymous Defence of a pamphlet in which Bishop Law had advocated the retrenchment and simplification of the Thirty-nine Articles; he did not, however, sign the petition (called the “Feathers” petition from being drawn up at a meeting at the Feathers tavern) for a relaxation of the terms of subscription. In 1776 Paley was presented to the rectory of Musgrave in Westmorland, supplemented at the end of the year by the vicarage of Dalston, and presently exchanged for that of Appleby. In 1782 he became archdeacon of Carlisle. At the suggestion of his friend John Law (son of Edward Law, bishop of Carlisle and formerly his colleague at Cambridge), Paley published (1785) his lectures, revised and enlarged, under the title of The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy. The book at once became the ethical text-book of the University of Cambridge, and passed through fifteen editions in the author’s lifetime. He strenuously supported the abolition of the slave trade, and in 1789 wrote a paper on the subject. The Principles was followed in 1790 by his first essay in the field of Christian apologetics, Horae Paulinae, or the Truth of the Scripture History of St Paul evinced by a Comparison of the Epistles which hear his Name with the Acts of the Apostles and with one another, probably the most original of its author’s works. It was followed in 1794 by the celebrated View of the Evidences of Christianity. Paley’s latitudinarian views are said to have debarred him from the highest positions in the Church. But for his services in defence of the faith the bishop of London gave him a stall in St Paul’s; the bishop of Lincoln made him subdean of that cathedral, and the bishop of Durham conferred upon him the rectory of Bishopwearmouth. During the remainder of his life his time was divided between Bishopwearmouth and Lincoln. In 1802 he published Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity collected from the Appearances of Nature, his last, and, in some respects, his most remarkable book. In this he endeavoured, as he says in the dedication to the bishop of Durham, to repair in the study his deficiencies in the church. He died on the 25th of May 1805.

PALFREY, JOHN GORHAM (1796–1881), American historian, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 2nd of May 1796. He graduated at Harvard, 1815, and became a Unitarian minister, being pastor of the Brattle Square church, Boston, 1818–1831. He was professor of sacred literature in the Harvard divinity school, 1830–1839. Entering politics, he was secretary of state of Massachusetts, 1844–1847; a representative in Congress, 1847–1849; and postmaster of Boston, 1861–1867. He was editor of the North American Review, 1835–1843. As a writer he is best known by his History of New England to the revolutionary war, in five volumes, of which the first appeared in 1859 and the last posthumously in 1890. He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the 26th of April 1881. PALFREY, a riding-horse, particularly one of smaller and lighter type than the war-horse, the “destrier” (Med. Lat. dextrarius, because led by the right hand till used), which was only ridden in battle or tournament. The palfrey was thus used on the march, &c., and also as a lady’s riding-horse. “Palfrey” came into English through the O. Fr. palefrei, one of the numerous forms which the word took in its descent from the Late Lat. paraveredus, a hybrid word from Gr. , in the sense of extra, and veredus, a post-horse, probably a Celtic word, for one who draws a rheda or carriage. The form parafredus gives the Mod. Ger. Pferd, horse, through the O.H.G. pfarifrid.

PALGHAT, a town of British India, in the Malabar district of Madras, on the Madras railway. Pop. (1901), 44,177. As the key to Travancore and Malabar from the East, it was formerly of considerable strategic importance. The fort fell into British hands in 176S, and subsequently formed the basis of many of the operations against Tippoo, which terminated in the storming of Seringapatam. The easy ascent by the Palghat Pass, formerly covered with teak forests, supplies the great route from the west coast to the interior. The municipality manages the Victoria college.

PALGRAVE, SIR FRANCIS (1788–1861), English historian, was the son of Meyer Cohen, a Jewish stockbroker, and was born in London in July 1788. He was educated privately and was so precocious a boy as to translate a Latin version of the Battle of the Frogs and Mice into French in 1796, which was published by his father in 1797. In 1803 Palgrave was articled