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Rh but has a late Norman doorway, and contains a carved and painted pulpit, and in the Kirkham chapel several interesting monuments of the Kirkham family, and a beautiful though damaged stone screen. Among other buildings and institutions are a novitiate of Marist Fathers, a science and art school, a pier with pavilion and concert rooms, and a yacht club. Little remains of an old palace of the bishops of Exeter apart from the 14th-century Bible Tower. Its last tenant was Bishop Miles Coverdale, who in 1535 published the first English translation of the whole Bible. The town owes its popularity to a firm expanse of sand, good bathing facilities, and a temperate climate.

 PAIL, a bucket, a vessel for carrying water, milk or other liquids, made of wood or metal or other material, varying in size, and usually of a circular shape and somewhat wider at the top than the bottom. The word is of somewhat obscure origin. The present form points to the O. Eng. paegel, but the sense, that of a small wine-measure, a gill, is difficult to connect with the present one. The earlier forms of the word in Mid. Eng. spell the word payle, paille, and this rather points to a connexion with O. Fr. paelle, payelle, a small pan or flat dish, from Lat. patella, diminutive of patera, dish. The sense here also presents difficulties, “pail” in English being always a deep vessel.

 PAILLERON, ÉDOUARD JULES HENRI (1834–1899), French poet and dramatist, was born in Paris on the 17th of September 1834. He was educated for the bar, but after pleading a single case he entered the first dragoon regiment and served for two years. With the artist J. A. Beaucé he travelled for some time in northern Africa, and soon after his return to Paris in 1860 he produced a volume of satires, Les Parasites, and a one-act piece, Le Parasite, which was represented at the Odéon. He married in 1862 the daughter of François Buloz, thus obtaining a share in the proprietorship of the Revue des deux mondes. In 1869 he produced at the Gymnase theatre Les Faux menages, a fouract comedy depending for its interest on the pathetic devotion of the Magdalene of the story. L’Étincelle (1879), a brilliant one-act comedy, secured another success, and in 1881 with Le Monde où l’on s’ennuie Pailleron produced one of the most strikingly successful pieces of the period. The play ridiculed contemporary academic society, and was filled with transparent allusions to well-known people. None of his subsequent efforts achieved so great a success. Pailleron was elected to the French Academy in 1882, and died on the 20th of April 1899.

PAIMPOL, a fishing port of western France, in the department of Côtes-du-Nord, 27 m. N.N.W. of St Brieuc by road. Pop. (1906), 2340. Paimpol is well known for its association with the Icelandic cod-fisheries, for which it annually equips a large fleet. Steam sawing and boat-building are carried on; grain, &c., is exported; imports include coal and timber. A tribunal of commerce and a school of navigation are among the public institutions.

 PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. , penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine), a term used loosely (i) for the psychological state, which may be generally described as “unpleasantness,” arising, e.g. from the contemplation of a catastrophe or of moral turpitude, and (2) for physical (or psycho-physical) suffering, a specific sensation localized in a particular part of the body. The term is used in both senses as the opposite of “pleasure,” though it is doubtful whether the antithesis between physical and psychical pleasure can be equally well attested. The investigation of the pleasure-pain phenomena of consciousness has taken a prominent place in psychological and ethical speculation, the terms “hedonics” and “algedonics” , pain of body or mind) being coined to express different aspects of the subject. So in aesthetics attempts have been made to assign to pain a specific psychological function as tending to increase pleasure by contrast (so Fechner): pain, e.g. is a necessary element in the tragic. Scientists have experimented elaborately with a view to the precise localization of pain-sensations, and “pain-maps” can be drawn showing the exact situation of what are known as “pain-spots.” For such experiments instruments known as “aesthesiometers” and “algometers” have been devised. The great variety of painful sensations—throbbing, dull, acute, intermittent, stabbing—led to the conclusion among earlier investigators that pains differ in quality. It is, however, generally agreed that all pain is qualitatively the same, though subject to temporal and intensive modification. (See ; ; ; .)

PAIN, BARRY (1867–), English humorous writer, was educated at Cambridge, and became a prominent contributor to The Granta. James Payn inserted his story, “The Hundred Gates,” in the Cornhill Magazine in 1889, and shortly afterwards he became a contributor to Punch and the Speaker, and joined the staffs of the Daily Chronicle and Black and White. His works include: In a Canadian Canoe (1891); papers reprinted from The Granta; Playthings and Parodies (1892); The Kindness of the Celestial (1894); The Octave of Claudius (1897); Eliza (1900); Another English Woman’s Love Letters (1901), &c. As a writer of parody and lightly humorous stories his name has become widely known.

PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (1731–1814), American politician, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the nth of March 1731. He graduated at Harvard in 1749, and was admitted to the bar in 1759. In 1768 he was a delegate to the provincial convention which was called to meet in Boston, and conducted the prosecution of Captain Thomas Preston and his men for their share in the famous “Boston Massacre” of the 5th of March 1770., He served in the Massachusetts General Court in 1773–1774, in the Provincial Congress in 1774–1775, and in the Continental Congress in 1774–1778, and was speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1777, a member of the executive council in 1779, a member of the committee which drafted the constitution of 1780, attorney-general of the state from 1777 to 1790, and a judge of the state supreme court from 1790 to 1804. He died in Boston on the nth of May 1814.

His son, (1773–1811), who was christened Thomas but in 1801 took the name of his father and of an elder brother who died without issue in 1794, was a poet of some repute, but his verses have long been forgotten. His best known productions are Adams and Liberty, a once popular song written in 1798, The Invention of Letters (1795), and The Ruling Passion, the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa poem of 1797.

PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809), English author, was born at Thetford, Norfolk, on the 29th of January 1737, the son of a Quaker staymaker. After several years at sea and after trying various occupations on land, Paine took up his father’s trade in London, where he supplemented his meagre grammar school education by attending science lectures. He succeeded in 1762 in gaining an appointment in the excise, but was discharged for neglect of duty in 1765. Three years later, however, he received another appointment, at Lewes in Sussex. He took a vigorous share in the debates of a local Whig club, and in 1772 he wrote a pamphlet embodying the grievances of excise men and supporting their demands for an increase of pay. In 1774 he was dismissed the service for absence without leave—in order to escape his creditors.

A meeting with Benjamin Franklin in London was the turning point in his life. Franklin provided him with letters to his son-in-law, Richard Bache, and many of the leaders in the colonies resistance to the mother country, then at an acute stage. Paine sailed for America in 1774. Bache introduced him to Robert Aitkin, whose Pennsylvania Magazine he helped found and, edited for eighteen months. On the 9th of January 1776 Paine published a pamphlet entitled Common Sense, a telling array of arguments for separation and for the establishment of a republic. His argument was that independence was the only consistent line to pursue, that “it must come to that some time or other”; that it would only be more difficult the more it was delayed, and that independence was the surest road to union. Written