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Rh for the socket of a brace or for the handle of such tools as a keyhole saw. (2) The canting word “pad,” now surviving in such words as “footpad,” a highway robber, or “pad horse,” a roadster riding-horse with an easy action, is the same as “path,” adapted directly from the Low Ger. form pad, a track or road. (3) There is an old English dialect word for a frog (Scottish and North) or a toad, more familiar in the diminutive " paddock " (cf. Hamlet, iii. 4, 189; Macbeth, i. 1, 9). This is found in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dan. padde, Du. pad, &c. The diminutive is to be distinguished from “paddock,” a small enclosed plot of pasture land, an altered form of “parrock,” O. Eng. pearroc. (See .)

PADDING, the term in textile manufacture used for the stiffening of various garments. The most useful and flexible material for this purpose is hair cloth, but this is too expensive to be used for the padding of cheap clothing. Hence many kinds of fibrous material are employed for the same purpose. Hair, cotton, flax, tow, jute and paper are used, alone and in combination. The fabrics are first woven, and then starched to obtain the necessary degree of stiffness and flexibility.

PADDINGTON, a municipality of Cumberland county, New South Wales, Australia, 3 m. S.E. of and suburban to Sydney. It is a busy industrial suburb, devoted to brewing, tanning, soap-boiling and various other manufactures. The town hall is one of the finest in the colony, and there is an excellent free library. Paddington returns one member to parliament. Pop. (1901), 22,034.

PADDINGTON, a north-western metropolitan borough of London, England, bounded E. by Hampstead and Marylebone, S. by the city of Westminster, and W. by Kensington, and extending N. to the boundary of the county of London. Pop. (1901), 143,976. The best houses are found in the streets and squares of Bayswater, in the south-west, neighbouring to Kensington Gardens (a small part of which is in the borough) and to Hyde Park, farther east, while in the north-east are broad avenues and " mansions " of residential flats. Bayswater Road, skirting the park and gardens, forms part of the southern boundary of the borough; Edgware Road forms the eastern; from this Harrow Road branches north-west, Bishop's Road and Westbourne Grove form a thoroughfare westward, and Queen's Road, Bayswater, leads south from there to Bayswater Road. The name of Paddington finds no place in Domesday—it may have been included in the manor of Tyburn—and the land belonged to the Abbey of Westminster at an early date. It was granted to the see of London by Edward VI. In the 18th century the picturesque rural scenery attracted artists, and even in the middle of the 19th the open country was reached within the confines of the present borough, which now contains no traces of antiquity. Bayswater is said to take its name from Baynard, a Norman, who after the Conquest held land here and had a castle by the Thames not far above the Tower of London, whence a ward of the city is called Castle Baynard. Many springs flowed forth here; the stream called Westbourne was near at hand, and water was formerly supplied hence to London. In the borough are the Paddington and the Queen's Park technical institutes; St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, with medical school; and Paddington Green children's hospital. The terminus of the Great Western railway, facing Praed Street, is called Paddington Station. The parliamentary borough of Paddington has north and south divisions, each returning one member. The borough council consists of a mayor, 10 aldermen and 60 councillors. Area, 1356.1 acres.

 PADDLE, (1) A verb, meaning to splash, dabble or play about in water with the feet or hands. (2) A species of oar, with a broad flat blade and short handle, used without a rowlock for propelling canoes or other lightly-built craft (see ). (3) small spade-like implement, apparently first used to clear a ploughshare from clods of earth. The verb seems to be a frequentative form of “pad,” to walk, cognate with “path,” or of “pat,” to strike gently, an onomatopoeic word; it may have been influenced by the Fr. patrouiller, in much the same sense. The verb may have given rise to "paddle, " an oar, an easy transition

in sense; but the New English Dictionary identifies this with the word for a small spade, which occurs earlier than the verb, and seems to have no connexion in sense with it. The implement was known in the 17th and 18th centuries also as “spaddle,” a diminutive of “spade,” but “paddle” occurs in this sense as early as 1407. The term “paddle” has been applied to many objects and implements resembling the oar in its broad-bladed end: e.g. a shovel used in mixing materials in glass-making, in brick-making, &c., and also to the float-boards in the paddle-wheel of a steamboat or the wheel of a watermill.

PADERBORN (Lat. Paderae Fontes, i.e. the springs of the Pader), a town and episcopal see of Germany, in the Prussian province of Westphalia, 63 m. N.E. from Dortmund on the railway to Berlin via Altenbeken. Pop. (1905), 26,468, of whom about 80% are Roman Catholics. It derives its name from the springs of the Pader, a small affluent of the Lippe, which rise in the town under the cathedral to the number of nearly 200, and with such force as to drive several mills within a few yards of their source. A large part of the town has been rebuilt since a great fire of 1875. The most prominent of half-a-dozen churches is the Roman Catholic cathedral, the western part of which dates from the nth, the central part from the 12th, and the eastern part from the 13th century; it was restored in 1891–1893. Among other treasures it contains the silver coffin of St Liborius, a substitute for one which was coined into dollars in 1622 by Christian of Brunswick, the celebrated freebooter. The chapel of St Bartholomew, although externally insignificant, dates from the earlier part of the 11th century, and is counted among the most interesting buildings in Westphalia; it was restored in 1852. The Jesuit church and the Protestant Abdinghofkirche are also interesting. The town hall is a picturesque edifice of the 13th century; it was partly rebuilt in the 16th, and was restored in the 19th century. Paderborn formerly possessed a university, founded in 1614, with faculties of theology and philosophy, but this was closed in 1819. The manufactures of the town include railway plant, glass, soap, tobacco and beer; and there is a trade in grain, cattle, fruit and wool.

Paderborn owes its early development to Charlemagne, who held a diet here in 777 and made it the seat of a bishop a few years later. The Saxon emperors also held diets in the city, which about the year 1000 was surrounded with walls. It joined the Hanseatic League, obtained many of the privileges of a free Imperial town, and endeavoured to assert its independence of the bishop. The citizens gladly accepted the reformed doctrines, but the supremacy of the older faith was restored in 1604 by Bishop Theodore von Fürstenberg, who forcibly took possession of the city. It underwent the same fate at the hands of Christian of Brunswick during the Thirty Years' War. The bishopric of Paderborn formed part of the arch-diocese of Mainz, and its bishop became a prince of the empire about 1100. Some of the bishops were men of great activity, and the bishopric attained a certain measure of importance in North Germany, in spite of ravages during the Thirty Years' War and the Seven Years’ War. It was secularized in 1803 and was given to Prussia, and after losing it for a few years that country regained it by the settlement of 1815. The last bishop was Franz Egon von Fürstenberg (d. 1825). The bishopric had an area of nearly 1000 sq. m. and a population of about 100,000. A new bishopric of Paderborn, with ecclesiastical authority only, was established in 1821.

See W. Richter, Geschichte der Stadt Paderborn (Paderborn, 1899–1903); A. Hübinger, Die Verfassung der Stadt Paderborn im Mittelalter (Münster, 1899); and J. Freisen, Die Universität Paderborn (Paderborn, 1898). For the history of the bishopric see W. F. Giefers, Die Anfänge des Bistums Paderborn (Paderborn, 1860); L. A. T. Holscher, Die ältere Diozese Paderborn (Paderborn, 1886); the Urkunden des Bistums Paderborn, edited by R. Wilmans (Münster 1874–1880); and W. Richter, Studien und Quellen zur Paderborner Geschichte (Paderborn, 1893).

 PADEREWSKI, IGNACE JAN (1860–), Polish pianist and composer, was born in Podolia, a province of Russian Poland. He studied music chiefly at Warsaw, Berlin and