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Rh trident and shield, and on the reverse within an ornamental design the denomination in Chinese and Malay. Since 1903, however, a new special dollar with the king’s head has been issued for the Straits Settlements.

Egypt.—Glancing cursorily at the coinage of Africa, we may note that since 1885 Egypt has adopted a gold standard with the gold pound of 100 piastres as the unit of account. The piastre is no longer divisible into 40 paras, but into 10 ochr-el-guerche or tenths. The types are similar to the Turkish money, and though bearing the legend “struck at Cairo” the coins are really made at Birmingham. For some years gold has not been issued.

Abyssinia.—In Abyssinia since 1893 there has been a silver coinage, but the Austrian Maria Theresa dollar is still current. The new coins are, in silver, the talari (＝dollar, worth about 2s.),, and talari, and in copper, the guerche, and and  guerche. They show on one side the head of the king, and on the other a lion holding a banner.

Zanzibar.—Zanzibar has also issued a dollar of the fixed value of 2 rupees and 2 annas, and a copper coin called a pessa (=136th of a dollar).

Sudan.—The African Coinages which have attracted exceptional attention are those of the Sudan and the South African Republic. The former dates from 1885, when the Mahdi struck the pound of 100 piastres in gold and the 20 piastres in silver, of the same type as the Egyptian coins, but on the silver piece were placed the words “By order of the Mahdi,” but no mint name. His successor, Abdullah, struck pieces of 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 piastre in silver and 10 paras in copper, but no gold. They bear the name of the mint, Omdurman, and the word makbul, i.e. accepted. At first the silver coins were of 6 parts silver and 2 copper, but in a few years they were so debased that they degenerated into mere pieces of copper washed with silver. The last issue is dated 1897 ( 1315).

Congo Free State (Belgian Congo).—The coinage issued since 1887 consists of silver of 5, 2, 1 fr. and 50 centimes, and copper (with central hole) from 10 centimes to 1 centime.

Transvaal.—The first attempt at a separate coinage in the Transvaal was in 1874, when President Burgers issued sovereigns or pounds showing his portrait on the obverse and the shield of the Republic on the reverse. They were struck by Messrs Heaton of Birmingham, but as each piece of the current value of 20s. cost 26s. to strike, only £680 worth was issued, and but few of these passed into circulation, being preserved as curiosities. No further attempt was made till 1891, when President Kruger induced the Raad to order a coinage in gold, silver and bronze after the English standard. The first issue occurred in 1892, and consisted of the pound and half-pound in gold; the crown, half-crown, florin, shilling, sixpence and threepence in silver; and the penny in bronze. They are all of the same type as the pound of 1874, but with the portrait of President Kruger on the obverse. The first issue of the pound, half-pound and crown was minted at Berlin, and a curious mistake was made in the arms of the state, the wagon being represented with two shafts instead of with one. This blunder was soon noticed, and a recoinage took place in the same year at Pretoria. Since the annexation British coins have been legal tender, but a new copper coinage was approved in 1904.

—I. Periodicals: Numismatic Chronicle (London); Revue numismatique (Paris); Zeitschrift für Numismatik (Berlin); Numismatische Zeitschrift (Vienna); Rivista italiana di numismatica (Milan); Revue belge de numismatique (Brussels).

II. General Works: F. Lenormant, Monnaies et médailles (1883); W. Ridgeway, Origin of Metallic Currency (1892); S. Lane-Poole and others, Coins and Medals (3rd ed., 1894); E. Babelon, Origines de la monnaie (1897); A. von Sallet, Münzen und Medaillen (1898); G. Macdonald, Coin-Types (1905); L. Forrer, Biographical Dictionary of Medallists, &c. (1904–).

III. Greek and Roman: A. General: J. H. von Eckhel, Doctrina numorum veterum (1792–1798); J. C. Rasche, Lexicon univ. rei ''num. veterum (1785–1804); T. E. Mionnet, Descr. de médailles gr. et''

rom. (1807–1837); W. M. Leake, Numismata Hellenica (1854–1859); Poole, B. V. Head, P. Gardner, W. Wroth and G. F. Hill, ''Brit. Mus.'' ''Catal. of Greek Coins (Italy, Sicily, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, &c., begun in 1873); F. Lenormant, La Monnaie dans l’antiquité'' (1878, 1879); P. Gardner, Types of Greek Coins (1882); F. Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies grecques (1883); F. Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner, Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias (1885, 1886); B. V. Head, Historia numorum (1887; new ed. in preparation); F. Imhoof-Blumer, Griechische Münzen (1890); Head, Guide to the Coins of the Ancients (4th ed., 1895); Hill, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins (1899); G. Macdonald, Catalogue of the Hunterian Collection (3 vols., 1899–1905); E. Babelon, Traité des monnaies grecques et rom. (1901–); Th. Reinach, L’Histoire par les monnaies (1902); Corolla numismatica, Numism. Essays in honour of B. V. Head (1906); G. F. Hill, Historical Greek Coins (1906); K. Regling, Sammlung Warren (1906); Periodicals: Journal international d’archéologie numismatique (Athens); Nomisma (Berlin).

B. Metrology: J. Brandis, Münz-, Mass- und Gewichtswesen (1866); F. Hultsch, ''Griech. u. röm. Metrologie2 (1882); Gewichte'' des Altertums (1898); C. F. Lehmann, articles in ''Verhandl. der Berl.'' ''Ges. für Anthropologie (1889, 1891); Das alt-babylonische Mass''- und Gewichtssystem (1893).

C. Special Districts: (See also the respective volumes of the British Museum Catalogue.) (a) Spain.—A. Heiss, ''Monn. ant. de'' l’Espagne (1870); Zobel de Zangróniz, Estudio historico de la mon. ''ant. esp. (1878–1880); E. Hübner, Monum. linguae Ibericae'' (1893). (b) Gaul.—E. Muret and M. A. Chabouillet, ''Catal. des monn. gaul.'' (1889); H. de la Tour, ''Atlas des monn. gaul.'' (1892); J. A. Blanchet, ''Traité des monn. gaul.'' (1905). (c) Britain.—J. Evans, Ancient British Coins (1864, 1890). (d) Italy.—F. Carelli, ''Num. Ital. veteris'' (1850); L. Sambon, Presqu’île italique (1870); R. Garrucci, Mon. dell’ Italia ant. (1885); A. J. Evans, The “Horsemen” of Tarentum (1889); Berlin Museum Catalogue, iii. 1 (1894); A. Sambon, Monn. ''ant. de l’Italie'' (1904–). (e) Sicily.—B. V. Head, Coinage of Syracuse (1874); A. J. Evans, articles in ''Num. Chr.'' (1890–1894); A. Holm, “Gesch. des sicil. Münzwesens” (in vol. viii. of his Gesch. Siciliens, 1898); G. F. Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily (1903). (f) Northern Greece.—L. Müller, Alexandre le Grand (1855); Lysimachus (1858); F. Imhoof-Blumer, Münzen Akarnaniens (1878); P. Burachkov, Greek Colonies in S. Russia (Russian, 1384); Berlin Museum Catalogue, i., ii. (1888, 1889); Berlin Academy, Die antiken Münzen Nordgriechenlands (1898–). (g) Central Greece, Peloponnesus and Islands.—E. Beulé, ''Monn. d’Athènes'' (1858); J. N. Svoronos, Crète ancienne (1890). (h) Asia Minor.—M. Pinder, Über die Cistophoren (1856); Th. Reinach, Trois royaumes d’Asie Mineure (1888); F. Imhoof-Blumer, Griechische Münzen (1890); E. Babelon, Les Perses achéménides, &c. (1893); F. Imhoof-Blumer, Lydische Stadtmünzen (1897); E. Babelon, Inventaire de la coll. Waddington (1898); F. Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Münzen (1901, 1902); W. H. Waddington, Th. Reinach and E. Babelon, ''Recueil général des monn. gr. d’Asie Mineure'' (1904–). (i) Syria, Phoenicia, and the Greek East (see also Oriental).—F. de Saulcy, ''Num. de la terre sainte (1874); F. W. Madden, Coins of the Jews'' (1881); E. Babelon, Rois de Syrie, &c. (1890); Perses achéménides (1893); Th. Reinach, Jewish Coins (trans. M. Hill, 1903). (j) Egypt and Africa.—L. Müller, ''Monn. de l’ancienne Afrique'' (1860–1874); G. Dattari, ''Numi Augg. Alexandrini'' (1901); J. N. Svoronos,  (1904). (k) Roman.—Th. Mommsen, ''Hist. de la monn. rom.'', trans. Duc de Blacas and J. de Witte (1865–1875); H. A. Grueber, “Roman Medallions,” ''Brit. Mus. Catal.'' (1874); W. Fröhner, Médaillons de l’empire rom. (1878); H. Cohen, ''Monn. frappées sous l’empire rom.2 (1880–1892); E. Babelon, Monn.'' de la république rom. (1885, 1886); H. A. Grueber, “Roman Republican Coins,” ''Brit. Mus. Catal.; E. J. Haeberlin, Systematik des'' ältesten römischen Münzwesens (1905); G. F. Hill, Historical Roman Coins (1909); H. Willers, Geschichte der römischen Kupferprägung vom Bundesgenossenkrieg bis auf Kaiser Claudius (1909); H. A. Grueber, Catalogue of the Roman Republican Coinages in the British Museum (1910). (l) Byzantine.—J. Sabatier, Monnaies Byzantines (1862); Warwick Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum, 2 vols. (1908).

IV. Medieval and Modern: A. General: J. Neumann, Beschreibung der bekanntesten Kupfermünzen (1858–1872); J. A. Blanchet, ''Numism. du moyen âge et moderne'' (1890); A. Engel et R. Serrure, ''Numism. du moyen âge (1891–1905); Numism. moderne'' (1897–1899); A. Luschin von Ebengreuth, Allgemeine Münzkunde u. Geldgesch. (1904).

B. Transitional Period: J. Friedlander, Münzen der Ostgothen (1844); A. Heiss, ''Monn. des rois wisigoths d’Espagne (1872); C. F. Keary, Coinages of Western Europe (1879); Brit. Mus. Catal. of'' English Coins, i. (1887); M. Prou, ''Les Monn. mérovingiennes'' (1892); A. de Belfort, ''Descr. générale des monn. mérovingiennes'' (1892–1895).

C. Countries: (a) Portugal.—A. C. Teixeira de Aragão, Descr. das moedas de Portugal (1874–1880). (b) Spain.—A. Heiss, Mon. hispano-cristianas (1865–1869). (c) France.—F. Poey d’Avant, ''Monn. féodales de France'' (1858–1862 ) ; supplement by E. Caron 1882–1884); H. Hoffmann, Monn. royales de France (1878); Gariel, Monn. roy. de France sous la race carolingienne (1883–1884); M. Prou, Les Monn. carolingiennes (1896); “Médailles françaises,” “Médailles de la révol. franç., ” “Méd. de l’emp. Napoleon,” Trésor