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 Suvorov over the French in 1799. It is now an important railway junction, the main lines from Turin and Milan to Genoa converging here. Cotton, silk, coal briquettes, &c., are also manufactured here.

NOVO-BAYAZET, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, in the government of Erivan, 35 m. E.N.E. of the town of Erivan, and 4 m. W. of Gok-chai Lake, 5870 ft. above the sea. Pop. 8507 in 1897, mainly Armenians. An Armenian village which stood here was destroyed by Nadir Shah of Persia in 1736, and it was not till the Turkish War of 1828–29 that the site was again occupied by Armenian refugees from the Turkish town of Bayazet or Bayazid.

NOVOCHERKASSK, a town of Russia, capital of the Don Cossacks territory, situated on a hill 400 ft. above the plain, at the confluence of the Don with the Aksai, 45 m. from the Sea of Azov, and 32 m. by rail N.E. from Rostov. Pop. (1897) 52,005. It was founded in 1805, when the inhabitants of the Cherkassk stanitsa (now Old Cherkassk) were compelled to leave their abodes on the banks of the Don on account of the frequent inundations. The town is an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church, and possesses a cathedral (1904), a museum, the palace of the ataman (chief) of the Cossacks, and monuments to M. I. Platov (a Cossack chief) and T. Yermak (1904), the conqueror of West Siberia. Wide suburbs extend to the S.W., and the right bank of the Aksai is dotted with the villas of the Cossack officials. Manufactures make slow progress. An active trade is carried on in corn, wine and timber (exports), and manufactures and grocery wares (imports).

NOVOGEORGIEVSK. (1) A town of Russia, usually known under the name of, in the government of Kherson, at the confluence of the Tyasmin with the Dnieper, 17 m. W.N.W. of Kremenchug. Its fort was erected by the Poles in 1615. The inhabitants carry on a lively trade in timber, grain and cattle, and have a few flourmills and candle-works. Pop. (1897) 11,214. (2) A first-class fortress of Russian Poland (called Modlin till 1831), at the confluence of the Narev (Bug) with the Vistula, 23 m. by rail N.W. of Warsaw. Modlin was first fortified under the Napoleonic régime in 1807, and in the wars of 1813 and 1830–31 underwent several sieges. Since that time the Russians have made many additions to the works, and the place now forms, with Warsaw, Ivangorod and Brest-Litovsk, the so-called Polish Quadrilateral. The strength of Novogeorgievsk lies mainly in the new circle of eight powerful forts, erected at a mean distance of 10 m. from the enceinte. The importance of the fortress lies in the fact that it prevents Warsaw from being turned by a force on the lower Vistula and commands the railway between Danzig and Warsaw.

NOVOMOSKOVSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Ekaterinoslav, 16 m. N.E. of the town of Ekaterinoslav. Including several villages which have been incorporated with it, it extends for nearly 7 m. along the right bank of the Samara, a tributary of the Dnieper. In the 17th century the site was occupied by several villages of Zaporogian Cossacks, known under the name of Samarchik. In 1687 Prince Golitsuin founded here the Ust-Samara fort, which was destroyed after the treaty of the Pruth (1711), but rebuilt in 1736, and the settlement of Novoselitsy established. The inhabitants of Novomoskovsk, who numbered 23,381 in 1900, are chiefly engaged in agriculture, though some are employed in tanneries, and there is a trade in horses, cattle, tallow, skins, tar and pitch. In the immediate neighbourhood is the Samarsko-Nikolayevskiy monastery, which is visited by many pilgrims.

NOVO-RADOMSK, or, a town of Russian Poland, in the government of Piotrków, 28 m. by rail S.S.W. of the town of Piotrków. It has factories for bentwood furniture, woollens and cloth, tanneries, ironworks and sawmills, and is the centre of a very active trade. Pop. (1900) 14,464, many being Jews.

NOVOROSSIYSK, a seaport town of S. Russia, in the Chernomorsk or Black Sea territory, on a bay of the same name (also named Tsemes), on the N.E. coast of the Black Sea. Pop. (1900) 40,384. The bay, nearly 3 m. wide at its entrance on the E., and 5 m. deep from E. to W., is exposed to the N.E. wind (bora), which sweeps down from the Caucasus Mountains with great violence. There is an artificial harbour (1893) protected by a mole. Novorossiysk is connected by a branch railway to Tikhoryetskaya (169 m.) with the main Caucasian line, which crosses the Volga near Tsaritsyn, and has become an important centre for the export of corn, and since the petroleum wells of Groznyi in northern Caucasia were tapped it has become an entrepôt for the export of petroleum. Cement is manufactured. Large grain elevators have been built, and a new commercial town has grown up. Besides cereals, which amount to 69% of the whole, the exports consist of petroleum and petroleum waste, oilcake, linseed, timber, bran, millet seed, wool, potash, zinc ore and liquorice, the total annual value ranging between 3 and 5 millions sterling. The imports are small. Some 1500 acres in the vicinity of the town are planted with vines. Novorossiysk has belonged to Russia since 1829.

NOWELL, ALEXANDER (c. 1507–1602), dean of St Paul’s, London, was the eldest son of John Nowell of Read Hall, Whalley, Lancashire, by his second wife Elizabeth Kay of Rochdale. He was educated at Middleton, Lancashire, and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he is said to have shared rooms with John Foxe the martyrologist. He was elected fellow of Brasenose in 1526. In 1543 he was appointed master of Westminster school, and in December 1551 prebendary of Westminster. He was elected in September 1553 member of parliament for Looe in Cornwall in Queen Mary’s first parliament, but in October 1553 a committee of the house reported that, having as prebendary of Westminster a seat in convocation, he could not sit in the House of Commons. He was also deprived of his prebend, probably as being a married man, before May 1554, and sought refuge at Strassburg and Frankfort, where he developed puritan and almost Presbyterian views. He submitted, however, to the Elizabethan settlement of religion, and was rewarded with the archdeaconry of Middlesex, a canonry at Canterbury and in 1560 with the deanery of St Paul’s. His sermons occasionally created some stir, and on one occasion Elizabeth interrupted his sermon, telling him to stick to his text and cease slighting the crucifix. He held the deanery of St Paul’s for forty-two years, surviving until the 13th of February 1602. Nowell is believed to have composed the Catechism inserted before the Order of Confirmation in the Prayer Book of 1549, which was supplemented in 1604 and is still in use; but the evidence is not conclusive. Early in Elizabeth’s reign, however, he wrote a larger catechism, to serve as a statement of Protestant principles; it was printed in 1570, and in the same year appeared his “middle” catechism, designed it would seem for the instruction of “simple curates.” Nowell also established a free school at Middleton and made other benefactions for educational purposes. He was twice married, but left no children.

NOWGONG, a town of India, headquarters of the Bundelkhand agency and a military cantonment, in the native state of Chhatarpur, on the border of the British district of Jhansi. Pop. (1901) 11,507. It has accommodation for a force of all arms. The college for the education of the sons of chiefs in Central India, opened here in 1872, was abolished in 1898, owing to the small attendance.

NOWGONG, a town and district of British India, in the Brahmaputra Valley division of eastern Bengal and Assam. The town is situated on the Kalang river. Pop. (1901) 4430. The district of Nowgong has an area of 3843 sq. m. It consists of a wide plain overgrown with jungle and canebrakes, intersected by numerous tributaries of the Brahmaputra, and dotted with shallow marshes. The Mikir hills cover an area of about 65 m. by 35 in the S. of the district; the highest peak is about 3500 ft. The slopes are very steep, and are covered with dense forest.