Page:EB1911 - Volume 19.djvu/858

 a staunch Protestant, was commissioner in Surrey for inquiring after recusants, and in the diocese of Winchester for hearing ecclesiastical causes; he sat on the government commission for discovering and expelling Roman Catholic priests, and was mentioned in 1602 from Douay as one of the three enemies most feared by the recusants.

On the report of the commission on the navy in 1618 and of the abuses then exposed, Lord Nottingham, though no blame was attached to himself, being now an old man over eighty years of age, vacated his office of lord high admiral, receiving the sum of £3000 with a pension of £1000, and being granted a special precedence, limited to his person, as earl of Nottingham of the earlier Mowbray creation, and still keeping the lord-lieutenancy of Surrey. He died at Haling House, near Croydon, on the 14th of December 1624, and was buried at Reigate, a monument being afterwards placed to his memory in St Margaret’s church at Westminster. He was a striking and almost heroic figure in the Elizabethan annals, no unworthy leader of such men as Drake, Hawkins and Raleigh, the defender of his country at a time of imminent peril, and by his splendid character and services he was placed beyond the reach of the intrigues and jealousies which troubled the reputation of many of his contemporaries and above even the suspicion of ill-doing.

Lord Nottingham married (1), in July 1563, Catherine, daughter of Henry Carey, 1st Lord Hunsdon, cousin to the queen, by whom he had, besides three daughters, two sons—William, who died in his father’s lifetime, and Charles (1579–1642), who succeeded as second earl of Nottingham; and (2), when in his 68th year, Margaret, daughter of James Stuart, earl of Murray, by whom he had two sons, the youngest of whom, on the death of his half-brother without male issue, succeeded as third earl of Nottingham; on his dying childless in April 1681 the earldom became extinct, the barony of Effingham passing to the descendants of the first earl of Nottingham’s younger brother, Sir William Howard, from whom the fourth earl of Effingham (creation of 1837) and 14th baron Howard of Effingham (b. 1866), who succeeded in 1898, was descended.

 NOTTINGHAM, a city and county of a city, municipal, county and parliamentary borough, and county town of Nottinghamshire, England. Pop. (1901) 239,743. It stands on the left (north) bank of the Trent and its tributary the Leen. It is 125 m. N.N.W. from London by the Midland railway, and is also served by the Great Central and Great Northern railways. Water communications are afforded by the Grantham canal eastward, by the Nottingham and Erewash canals westward, communicating with the Cromford canal in Derbyshire, and by the Trent. The plan of the town is irregular, and the main thoroughfares are generally modern in appearance, many of the old narrow streets having been wholly altered or renewed. About the centre of the town is an open market-place some acres in area, said to be the largest of its kind in England. Nottingham Castle occupies a fine site to the S., on an abrupt rocky hill. The ancient remains are not large, including only a restored Norman gateway and fragments of the fortifications. In 1878 the site was acquired on lease by the corporation, and the building was opened as the Nottingham and Midland Counties Art Museum. The church of St Mary is a fine Perpendicular cruciform structure, with a central tower. St Peter’s church is mainly Perpendicular, but shows traces of an earlier building. St Nicholas' church, near the castle, is a plain building of brick dating from 1676. There are several handsome modern churches, among which is the Roman Catholic cathedral of St Barnabas, from the designs of A. W. Pugin, erected in 1842–1844. There are a large number of Nonconformist places of worship. The principal secular buildings are the guildhall and city sessions court (1887), the shire hall, the Albert Hall and the Exchange; there are two principal theatres, the Theatre Royal and the Empire Theatre. Among educational establishments the principal is University College, for which a fine range of buildings was opened in 1881, containing the free municipal library and the museum of natural history. The free grammar school, founded in 1513, for some time in disuse, was revived in 1807, and on its removal in 1868 to new buildings, became known as the High School. There are also the Nottingham High School for girls; the blue-coat school, founded in 1723; the People’s College, founded in 1846; two technical schools; the Congregational Institute; and the Nottingham school of art, for which a fine building was erected in 1865 in the Italian style. The Midland Baptist college was transferred from Chilwell to Nottingham in 1882.

The General Hospital was founded in 1781, and there are the Nottingham and Midland eye infirmary, the county asylum and the Midland institution for the blind. The Arboretum and the Forest are the principal public pleasure-grounds; the county cricket club plays matches on the Trent Bridge ground, and there is a racecourse at Colwick, E. of the city. To the N.W., but within the city boundaries, are the industrial districts of Radford and Basford, beyond which lies Bulwell, with collieries, limestone quarries and earthenware manufactures. Bestwood Park, in the vicinity, contained a hunting lodge of Henry I., being included in Sherwood Forest. To the N., Sherwood is a growing residential district; another extends towards Gedling on the E. Southward, across the Trent, West Bridgford is another large residential suburb. To the W. is Lenton, and Beeston has become a populous suburb mainly owing to the establishment of large cycle and motor works.

Nottingham itself became an important seat of the stocking trade towards the close of the 18th century. It was here that Richard Arkwright in 1769 erected his first spinning frame, and here also James Hargreaves had the year previously removed with his spinning jenny after his machine had been destroyed by a mob at Blackburn. Nottingham has devoted itself chiefly to cotton, silk and merino hosiery. Up to 1815 point lace was also an important manufacture. In 1808 and 1809 John Heathcoat obtained patents for machines for making bobbin net, which inaugurated a new era in the lace manufacture. The industries also include bleaching, the dyeing, spinning and twisting of silk, the spinning of cotton and woollen yarn, tanning, engineering and brewing, while cycle works and tobacco factories are important, and the industries have the advantage of the close proximity of coal-mines. Besides the general market there is a large cattle market.

Nottingham received its style of a city and county of a city by letters patent of the 7th of August 1897. The parliamentary borough returns three members to parliament, being divided into W., E. and S. divisions. The city is governed by a mayor, 16 aldermen and 48 councillors. Area, 10,935 acres.

History.—The advantageous position of Nottingham (Snotengaham, Notingeham) on the Trent, where it was crossed by an ancient highway, accounts for its origin, whether in Roman or Saxon times. The Saxon form of the name is taken to refer to the caves, anciently used as dwelling-places, which were hollowed out of the soft sandstone. Examples of these occur in the Castle rock, in the Rock Holes W. of the castle, in the suburb of Sneinton and elsewhere. It was chosen by the Danes for their winter quarters in 868, and constituted one of their five burghs. In 922 it was secured and fortified by Edward the Elder, who in 924 built a second “burgh” opposite the first and connected with it by a bridge over the river. Æthelstan, the successor of Edward the Elder, established there a royal mint. In 1013 the town submitted to Sweyn. William I. erected a castle, and mention of a new borough occurs in Domesday Book, and this seems to be the first evidence of the existence of the “French borough” which grew up in Nottingham under the Normans, and was distinguished from the English borough by the different customs which prevailed in it. Parliaments were held at Nottingham in 1334, 1337 and 1357, and it was the scene of the conference of the judges with Richard II. in August 1387. Several important persons have been imprisoned in the castle, among others David II. of Scotland. Edward IV. assembled his troops at Nottingham in 1461; and it was the headquarters of Richard III. before the battle of Bosworth in 1485. In 1642 Charles I. finally broke with