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 In politics the state has been Republican, except in 1892, when the Democrats and Populists combined; in 1906, 1908 and 1910 a Democratic governor was elected.

—Description: The State of North Dakota: The Statistical, Historical and Political Abstract (Aberdeen, S.D., 1889), prepared by Frank H. Hagerty, Commissioner of Immigration; North Dakota: A Few Facts concerning its Resources and Advantages (Bismarck, 1892), prepared by the Commissioner of Agriculture and Labour; Glimpses of North Dakota (Buffalo, 1901), published by the North Dakota Pan-American Exposition Company; The Story of the Prairies; or, The Landscape Geology of North Dakota (Chicago, 1902), by D. E. Willard; Explorations in the Dakota Country in the Year 1855 (Senate Ex. Doc. No. 76, 34 Cong., 1 Sess., Washington, 1856) by G. K. Warren; Report on the Geology and Resources of the Region in the Vicinity of the Forty-Ninth Parallel (Montreal, 1875), by George M. Dawson; United States Geological Survey of the Territories. Annual Report for 1872, containing The Physical Geography and Agricultural Resources of Minnesota, Dakota and Nebraska (Washington, 1873), by Cyrus Thomas; publications by the U.S. Geological Survey (consult the bibliographies in Bulletins, Nos. 100, 177 and 301).

Fauna and Flora: United States Geological Survey of the Territories: Miscellaneous Publications, No. 3, Birds of the North-west (Washington, 1874), by Elliot Coues; publications by the United States Geological Survey (consult the bibliographies in Bulletins, Nos. 100, 177, 301); and Wallace Craig, “North Dakota Life: Plant, Animal and Human,” in Nos. 6 and 7 (June and July) of vol. xl. (1908) of the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society (New York).

History: “Historical Sketch of North and South Dakota,” in South Dakota State Historical Society Collections (1902), i. 23-162, by W. M. Blackburn; Illustrated Album of Biography of the Famous Valley of the Red River of the North and the Park Regions, including the most Fertile and Widely Known Portions of Minnesota and North Dakota (Chicago, 1889); New Light on the Earlier History of the Greater North-west. The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David Thompson, 1799–1814, edited by Elliot Coues (3 vols., New York, 1897).

 NORTHEIM, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, on the Ruhme, 12 m. by rail N. of Göttingen and at the junction of railways to Cassel and Nordhausen. Pop. (1905) 7984. It has an interesting Evangelical church, containing some old wood-carving and stained glass, a Roman Catholic church, several schools and a training college for schoolmasters. There are manufactures of tobacco, sugar and boots; other industries are flour-milling, tanning and brewing. The place is said to date from the 9th century; it obtained civic rights in 1208, and later became a member of the Hanseatic League. It was stormed by the imperial troops in June 1627. The Benedictine abbey of St Blasius was founded in 1063 and dissolved at the Reformation.

 NORTHER, a winter wind accompanying the “cold wave” that follows the passage of a cyclone across the United States of America. A warm S.E. or S.W. wind on the east of such a cyclone materially slackens or entirely dies away, and is followed, often suddenly, by the piercingly cold norther. The passage

of a cyclone across America is usually from W. to E., and the cyclonic system of circulation would produce these results; but as the North American cyclones usually originate east of the Rocky Mountains, the warm air drawn from the Gulf of Mexico is not only followed by the cold air drawn from the Arctic regions, but the body of cold air slides down the eastern slopes of the Rockies and advances as a solid wedge (the “cold wave”) under the cyclone itself. “Uncomfortably warm in the lightest clothing,” a traveller upon the prairies of Texas may become “uncomfortably cold before he can wrap his blanket around him” (W. Ferrel, A Popular Treatise on the Winds). The temperature may fall 50° F. in twenty-four hours.  NORTHFIELD, a city of Rice county, Minnesota, U.S.A., on the Cannon river, about 35 m. S. of St Paul. Pop. (1905) 3438; (1910) 3265. It is served by the Chicago Great-Western, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railways. It is a shipping centre for the products of the farming and dairying region in which it lies, but it is most widely known for its educational institutions. It is the seat of the Baker School for Nervous and Backward Children, a private institution; of St Olaf College (Norwegian Lutheran), founded in 1874; and of Carleton College (founded in 1866 by Congregationalists but now non-sectarian, opened in 1870), one of the highest grade small colleges in the West, and the first in the North-west to abolish its preparatory academy. Carleton College has the Goodsell Observatory, which gives the time to the railways of the North-west, and publishes a magazine, Popular Astronomy. The Scoville Memorial Library (1896) of the College had 23,000 volumes in 1909. Northfield has a public library and the Minnesota Odd Fellows' Widows and Orphans Asylum. Named in honour of John W. North, who laid out Northfield and several other western towns, it was settled about 1851, incorporated as a village in 1868, and chartered as a city in 1875.  NORTHFIELD, a village of Washington county, Vermont, U.S.A., in Northfield township, about 35 m. S.E. of Burlington, in the Green Mountains region. Pop. (1910) of the village 1918; of the township 3226. Northfield is served by the Central Vermont railway. It is the seat of Norwich University, founded in 1819 as the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy at Norwich, Windsor county, Vermont, by Captain Alden Partridge (1785–1854). Captain Partridge was a professor in the U.S. Military Academy in 1813–1816 and acting superintendent of the Academy in 1816–1817, and was president of Norwich University until 1843, he founded various other military schools besides the one at Norwich. Norwich University was incorporated in 1834 under its present name, and in 1866, when the buildings at Norwich were burned, was removed to Northfield. The charter requires “a course of military instruction, both theoretical and practical,” and the discipline of the institution is military in form and principle. In 1898 the university was recognized by the General Assembly of Vermont as the military college of the state. It offers courses leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science in civil engineering, in electrical engineering and in chemistry. In 1908 it had 13 instructors and 168 students. Dewey Hall (1902), the administration building, was named in honour of Admiral George Dewey, a former student in the university. In the township there are outcrops of good granite and of verde antique, and along a range of hills E. of the village there is a deposit of very fine black slate. The hills furnish excellent grazing for cattle, and much milk is shipped to New England cities. The township of Northfield was incorporated in 1781; the original settlement on the site of the present village was made in 1785, and the village was incorporated in 1855.  NORTHFLEET, an urban district of Kent, England, within the parliamentary borough of Gravesend, on the Thames, 22 m. E. by S. of London by the South Eastern and Chatham railway. Pop. (1901) 12,906. The church of St Botolph is of Norman foundation, but the nave is principally Decorated and the chancel Perpendicular, and the tower, having fallen down, was rebuilt in 1628. The church contains a brass of the 14th