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 fränkische Reich, 799–911 (1906); F. Chalandon, La Dominion normande en Italie et Sicile, 1009–1194 (Paris, 1907); F. Lot, “La Grande Invasion normande, 856–862,” in t. 69 of the Bibliothèque de l’École des Charles (Paris, 1908).

 NORMANTON, a town of Normanton county, Queensland, Australia, on the river Norman, 25 m. E. by S. of the Gulf of Carpentaria, and 1382 m. direct N.W. of Brisbane. Pop. (1901) 838. It is the centre of the Carpentaria district, one of the chief sheep and cattle farming districts in the colony. Normanton is also the outlet of the Croydon and Etheridge goldfields, and of the Cloncurry copper mines. It is the terminus of the railway to Croydon, and has large meat-packing works.

 NORMANTON, an urban district in the Normanton parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on the river Calder, 3 m. N.E. of Wakefield on the Midland, North Eastern and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways. Pop. (1901) 12,352. The church of All Saints is Norman and Perpendicular, with a square tower rebuilt in 1717, and contains a number of interesting monuments; the ancient stained glass is good. The grammar-school was founded about the end of the 16th century. Traces remain of a moat surrounding the town. A mound in the neighbourhood called Haw Hill is supposed to be a barrow. Altofts, a neighbouring parish, was the home of Sir Martin Frobisher in the 16th century. There are numerous Collieries in the neighbourhood.

 NORNS (O. Norse, Nornir), in Northern mythology, the female divinities of fate, somewhat similar to the Gr.  and the Roman Parcae. Like them they are generally represented as three in number, and they are said to spin, or weave, the destiny of men. Their dwelling is beside the “Spring of fate,” beneath the “world-tree,” Yggdrasil’s ash, which they water with draughts from the spring. In some cases the Norns are not easily to be distinguished from the (q.v). Sometimes again they appear as prophetesses (völur) at the birth of children, whose destiny they foretell. The most famous of these stories is contained in the Tháttr af Nornagesti, and has a curious resemblance to the Greek legend of Althaea and Meleager. Similar beings seem to have been known among other Teutonic peoples in early times. (See § 7).

 NORRIS, FRANK (1870–1902), American novelist, was born in Chicago, Illinois, on the 5th of March 1870. He studied art in Paris in 1887–1889; studied at the University of California (1890–1894), and at Harvard University (1894–1895); in 1895–1896 served in South Africa as war correspondent for the San Francisco Chronicle; in 1896–1897 was associate editor of the San Francisco Wave; and in 1898 was sent to Cuba as war correspondent for McClure’s Magazine. He died in San Francisco on the 25th of October 1902. He wrote A Deal in Wheat, and Other Stories (1903), Responsibilities of the Novelist, and Other Literary Essays (1903), and the following novels: Moran of the Lady Letty (1898), a story of adventure off the California coast; McTeague (1899), a story of the San Francisco slums; Blix (1899), a love story; A Man’s Woman (1900); The Octopus (1901) and The Pit (1903). The last two were powerful stories, which made his reputation. The Octopus deals with wheat-raising in California and with the struggle between the growers and the railroad trust; The Pit with wheat-speculation in the Chicago market. His complete works were published in seven volumes in 1903.

 NORRIS, HENRY NORRIS or (c. 1525–1601), belonged to an old Berkshire family, many members of which had held positions at the English court. His father, Henry Norris, was a grandson of Sir William Norris, who commanded the royal troops against Lambert Simnel at the battle of Stoke in 1487. Like his brother John (d. 1564), the elder Henry Norris obtained a post at the court of Henry VIII.; he gained the king’s favour and was rewarded with many lucrative offices. He belonged to the party which favoured the elevation of Anne Boleyn; but in May 1536 he was arrested on the charge of intriguing with her, and though he was probably innocent of any serious offence he was beheaded on the 17th of May 1536.

His son Henry regained some of his father’s lands and entered upon court life, being a member of parliament under Edward VI. During Mary’s reign he was one of those who were entrusted with the custody of the princess Elizabeth, and when the princess became queen she amply repaid the kindness which Norris had shown to her when he was her guardian at Woodstock. In 1566 he was knighted and was sent as ambassador to France, where he remained until 1570, and in 1572 he was created Baron Norris of Rycote. He died in June 1601. By his wife Margaret (d. 1599), daughter of John, Lord Williams of Thame, Norris had six sons, all of whom distinguished themselves in the field. The Norris monument, with figures of Lord and Lady Norris and their six sons, is in St Andrew’s Chapel in Westminster Abbey.

The eldest son, Sir, died in Ireland in December 1579, leaving a son Francis (1579–1623), who succeeded to his grandfather’s barony and also to the estates of his uncle Sir Edward Norris. In 1621 Francis was created earl of Berkshire. He left no sons and the earldom became extinct, but the barony descended to his daughter Elizabeth (d. 1645), the wife of Edward Wray (d. 1658). Their daughter Bridget (1627–1657) married as his second wife Montagu Bertie, 2nd earl of Lindsey, and their son James Bertie (1654–1699) became Baron Norris (or Norreys) in 1657, and was created earl of Abingdon in 1682. His descendants the Berties, earls of Abingdon, still hold this barony, and are the present representatives of the family of Norris.

Sir (d. 1603), the 1st Lord Norris’s third son, served with the English troops in the Netherlands from 1585 to 1588. He is chiefly remembered owing to his fierce quarrel with Philip, count of Hohenlohe (1550–1606), called Hollock by the English, in August 1586 at Gertruydenberg (see J. L. Motley, The United Netherlands, vol. ii.). In 1589 he sailed with his brother Sir John and Sir Francis Drake on the expedition to Spain and Portugal, and from 1590 to 1599 he was governor of Ostend.

Sir (1556–1599), another son of the first lord, went as a soldier to Ireland in 1579 and acted for a few months as president of Connaught. He fought against the Fitzgeralds and also in Ulster; in 1585 he became vice-president of Munster, and in 1597 he succeeded his brother, Sir John Norris, as president. The three remaining brothers were: Sir Henry Norris (1554–1599), who fought in the Netherlands and then in Ireland, where he was killed in 1599; Maximilian Norris, who was killed in Brittany in 1593, and Sir (q.v.).

NORRIS, JOHN (1657–1711), English philosopher and divine, was born at Collingbourne-Kingston in Wiltshire. He was educated at Winchester and Exeter College, Oxford, being subsequently elected to a fellowship at All Souls’. His first original work was An Idea of Happiness (1683), in which, with Plato, he places the highest happiness or fruition of the soul in the contemplative love of God. Malebranche’s Recherche de la vérité, which had appeared in 1674, made a strong impression upon him. Malebranche, he says, “is indeed the great Galileo of the intellectual world.” He had also studied the works of Descartes himself, and most of what had been written for and against Cartesianism. Of English thinkers, More and Cudworth,