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 Louisiana.—The Picayune of New Orleans (daily, 1837; weekly, 1841). The Item (evening, 1877) of New Orleans. The Times-Democrat (daily, 1863; semi-weekly, 1895) of New Orleans. L’Abeille de la Nouvelle-Orleans (1827). The States (1880) of New Orleans. On all these see. De Bow’s Commercial Review appeared in New Orleans in 1846–1861, in Charleston and Washington in 1861–1864, and in New York in 1866–1870; it was edited by James Dunwoody Brownson De Bow (1820–1867), formerly (1844–1845) of the Southern Quarterly Review, professor (1848–1850) of political economy in the University of Louisiana, director of the state census in 1850–1853, and of the Federal census in 1853–1855. The Review was intensely Southern in tone and is a most important “source” for the economic history of the South; from it De Bow extracted Industrial Resources of the Southern and Western States (3 vols. New Orleans, 1852–1853).

Florida.—The Florida Times Union and Citizen (1865), with daily and semi-weekly editions; and the Metropolis (1887), both of Jacksonville. The Morning Tribune (weekly, 1870; daily, 1891) of Tampa.

Texas.—The Statesman of Austin (1871). The Morning News of Dallas, established in 1885 by Alfred H. Belo (1839–1901), who in 1875 bought the Galveston News (established 1842) and built up these two papers. The Post (1880) and the Chronicle and Herald (1901) of Houston.

Tennessee.—The Journal and Tribune (Journal, 1839, and Tribune, 1816, consolidated in 1898) of Knoxville. The Commercial Appeal (Appeal, 1840; Avalanche, 1857; Commercial, 1889; consolidated in 1894); and the News Scimitar (Evening Scimitar, 1880, and News, 1902, consolidated in 1904), both of Memphis. The Banner (1875), and the American (1830), both of Nashville. The first paper published in the state was the Gazette (1791) of Rogersville, which removed in 1818 to Knoxville, where it was published for a few years.

Kentucky.—The Louisville Courier-Journal (Journal, 1830; Courier, 1843; Democrat, 1844; consolidated 1868), edited by Henry Watterson, who began his connexion with the Journal in 1867. The Herald (1869) of Louisville. In Frankfort, the Argus of Western America was established in 1806; in 1816 Amos Kendall (1789–1869) became part owner and co-editor, and under him the Argus was a political power; it was succeeded in 1840 by the Yeoman.

Indiana.—The first paper in Indianapolis was the Gazette (January 1822), which in 1830 was consolidated with (and took the name of) the Indiana Democrat; in 1840 it was reorganized as the Indiana Sentinel; in 1851 it was first published as a daily; in 1865 its name was changed to the Herald, and in 1868 again to the Indianapolis Sentinel; in February 1905 it was bought by the News (v. infra). The Indianapolis Journal (1823) ceased publication in 1904, but was an important Republican sheet especially after 1878, when John Chalfant New (1831–1906) became its editor and proprietor; New was a wealthy banker who was U.S. treasurer in 1875–1876, assistant secretary of the treasury in 1882–1884, and for many years a member (part of the time, treasurer) of the Republican National Committee. The paper was also owned and edited by his son, Harry Stewart New (b. 1858), who was a member of the executive committee of the Republican National Committee. The Indianapolis News (evening, 1869) and the Star (morning, 1903) are the principal papers in the city. The first paper published in the state was at Vincennes in July 1804 and called the Western Sun; it is still published (daily edition since 1879).

Wisconsin.—The principal papers are those of Milwaukee: the Evening Wisconsin (1847); the Sentinel (morning, 1837), edited in 1845–1861 by Rufus King (1814–1876), who was U.S. minister to the Pontifical States in 1863–1867, and a brigadier of volunteers in the Civil War; the News (evening, 1866); the Free Press (morning, 1901); the Germania-Abend-Post (1872, with a large weekly edition), and the Kuryer Polski (evening, 1888).

Minnesota.—The Journal (evening, 1878); the Tribune (morning, evening and weekly, 1867); and the Tidende (daily, 1887; weekly, 1851; Norwegian-Danish) are the principal papers of Minneapolis. In St Paul the best-known paper is the Pioneer Press (founded in 1849; daily since 1854); the Minnesota Pioneer was the first paper printed in the state, and in 1855 it was consolidated with the Minnesota Democrat under the name of Pioneer and Democrat; in 1862 it became the St Paul Pioneer; and in 1875 after the St Paul Press united with it it took the name of the Pioneer Press. The other dailies are the Dispatch (evening, 1868); the News (evening, 1900) and the Volks Zeitung (weekly, 1857; daily, 1877).

Kansas.—The Emporia Gazette (evening, 1890) is one of the notable smaller city papers of the country; its reputation being due to its editor and proprietor William Allen White (b. 1868). Other papers of interest are the Leavenworth Times (morning and weekly, 1857); in Topeka, the Capital (daily and semi-weekly, 1879); the State Journal (evening and weekly, 1872), and the Herald (evening, 1901); and in Wichita, the Eagle (morning, 1884, and weekly, 1872).

Nebraska.—The News (evening, 1899), the World-Herald (morning and evening, weekly and semi-weekly, 1865), and the Omaha Bee (morning and evening, 1871) are all of Omaha. The Bee was established by Edward Rosewater (1841–1906); his son Victor (b. 1871) succeeding him in 1895 as managing editor. The Rosewaters were prominent in the Republican party and headed the

opposition in the state to William Jennings Bryan, who was in 1894–1896 editor of the World-Herald. Bryan also founded at Lincoln the Commoner, a weekly used by him in spreading his political views and in advancing his candidacy for the presidency. The Lincoln dailies are the Nebraska State Journal (morning, 1870; Evening News, 1880; Weekly State Journal, 1868), the Star (evening, 1902); and the evening Post (1896).

Iowa.—The Des Moines papers are the Capital (evening, 1883), the News (evening, 1881), and the Register and Leader (morning, Leader, 1849, and Register, 1856, consolidated in 1902). At Burlington is the Hawk Eye (morning, 1839), to which Robert Jones Burdette (b. 1844), associate editor in the ’seventies, contributed humorous squibs. The Burlington Evening Gazette, originally the Wisconsin Territorial Gazette (1837), is one of the oldest papers in the state.

Arkansas.—The Arkansas Gazette (Democratic; morning and weekly) was first published at Arkansas Post in 1819, then removed to Little Rock.

Colorado.—At Denver are the Republican (morning and weekly, 1866); the Post (evening, 1893; weekly, 1901); and the Rocky Mountain News (morning, 1859; evening, The Times, 1872; and a weekly edition).

Arizona.—At Tombstone, the county-seat of Cochise county, is the well-known Epitaph (1882), a Sunday edition of the Prospector (daily, 1886).

Utah.—At Salt Lake City are the Deseret Evening News (daily and semi-weekly, 1850), controlled by the Mormons; the Salt Lake Tribune (daily, 1870; semi-weekly, 1894), founded by Godbe and Harrison, opponents of Brigham Young, and always anti-Mormon; and the Salt Lake Herald (daily and semi-weekly, 1870). The last named was the principal—and for a time the only—Democratic paper in Utah; in 1901 it was purchased by Senator W. A. Clark, who sold it in August 1909 to Republican politicians.

California.—At San Francisco are the Call (morning, 1856), owned by John D. Spreckels (b. 1853), principal owner of the Oceanic Steamship Company, and son of Claus Spreckels the “sugar-king”; the Examiner (morning, 1865), founded by Senator George Hearst (1820–1891), the inheritance of which started his son, William Randolph Hearst, in the newspaper business; the Bulletin (morning, 1855); the Chronicle (morning, 1865; weekly, 1874); the Evening Post (1871; weekly edition, 1875), and the California Demokrat (morning, 1853; consolidated in 1902 with the Abend Post; weekly edition, California Staats-Zeitung, 1854). The Argonaut (1877) is an able literary weekly.

In Los Angeles the large dailies are the Times (morning, 1881; weekly edition, Saturday Times and Weekly Mirror, 1873); the Herald (morning, 1873); the Express (evening, 1871); the Record (evening, 1895); and R. Hearst’s Examiner (morning, 1903).

Oregon.—At Portland are the Morning Oregonian (1861; weekly edition, 1850) which has a great reputation on the Pacific Coast; the Oregon Daily Journal (evening and semi-weekly; 1902); and the Evening Telegram (1868).

Washington.—At Seattle are the Post Intelligencer (morning, 1867), and the Times (evening and weekly, 1861).

The annals of French journalism begin with the Gazette (afterwards called Gazette de France), established by Théophraste Renaudot in 1631, under the patronage of Richelieu, and with his active co-operation. Its price was six centimes. Much of its earliest foreign news came direct from the minister, and not seldom in his own hand.

Louis XIII. took a keen, perhaps a somewhat childish, interest in the progress of the infant Gazette, and was a frequent contributor, now and then taking his little paragraphs to the printing office himself, and seeing them put into type. Renaudot was born at Loudun in 1584, studied medicine in Paris and at Montpellier, established himself in the capital in 1612, and soon became conspicuous both within and beyond the limits of his profession. Endowed by nature with great energy and versatility, he seems at an early period of his career to have attracted the attention of the great cardinal, and to have obtained permission to establish a sort of general agency office, under the designation of “Bureau d’Adresses et de Rencontre.” An enterprise like this would, perhaps, naturally suggest to such a mind as Renaudot’s the advantage of following it up by the foundation of a newspaper. According to some French writers, however, the project was formed by Pierre d’Hozier, the genealogist, who carried on an extensive correspondence both at home and abroad, and was thus in a position to give valuable help; according to others by Richelieu himself. Be this as it may, Renaudot put his hand zealously to the work, and brought out his first weekly number in May 1631. So much, at least, may be inferred from the date (4th July 1631) of the sixth number, which was the first dated