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.—For descriptive material see bibliographies in Bulletins No. 177 and 301 of the United States Geological Survey; the Annual Reports and especially the Final Report of the New Jersey Geological Survey; and the Annual Reports of the New Jersey State Museum, the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, and the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture.

History.—The most important sources are: Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey (Archives of the State of New Jersey, 1st series), edited by W. A. Whitehead, F. W. Ricardo and W. Nelson (26 vols., Newark, 1880–1903); Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey (Archives of the State of New Jersey, 2nd series; 2 vols., Trenton, 1901–1903); and Acts of the General Assembly of New Jersey from 1703–1761, reprinted by A. Learning and J. Spicer (Somerville, New Jersey, 1881).

For the period of the Dutch rule, see E. B. O'Callaghan’s History of New Netherland (New York, 1846); and John Romeyn Brodhead’s History of the State of New York (2nd vol., New York, 1853, 1871); E. P. Tanner, The Province of New Jersey (New York, 1908), the most thorough study of the period from 1664 to 1738; Samuel Smith’s History of the Colony of Nova Caesarea, or New Jersey (Burlington, 1765; 2nd ed., Trenton, 1877), still one of the best accounts of the colonial period, and particularly valuable on account of its copious extracts from the sources, many of which are no longer accessible; see, also, William A. Whitehead’s “The English in East and West Jersey, 1664–1689” (in vol. iii. of Justin Winsor’s Narrative and Critical History of America). Among the monographic contributions are Austin Scott’s Influence of the Proprietors in Founding the State of New Jersey (Baltimore, 1885) and H. S. Cooley’s Study of Slavery in New Jersey (Baltimore, 1896). Other useful contributions are A. D. Mellick, Story of an Old Farm; or, Life in New Jersey in the 18th Century (Somerville, New Jersey, 1889), full of interesting details; F. B. Lee and others, New Jersey as a Colony and as a State (4 vols., with an additional biographical volume, New York, 1902, rather unevenly proportioned, and inaccurate as to details; W. J. Mills, Historic Houses of New Jersey (Philadelphia, 1902); William Nelson, The New Jersey Coast in Three Centuries (2 vols., New York, 1902); Isaac S. Mulford, Civil and Political History of New Jersey (Philadelphia, 1851); W. A. Whitehead, East Jersey under the Proprietary Governments (New Jersey Historical Society Collections, vol. i., Newark, 1875); W. S. Stryker, Official Register of the Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Revolutionary War (Trenton, 1872); W. E. Sackett, Modern Battles of Trenton (Trenton, 1895), a political history of New Jersey from 1868 to

1894, dealing especially with the railway controversies; John E. Stillwell, Historical and Genealogical Miscellany (2 vols., New York, 1903–1906), containing data relating to the settlement and settlers of New York and New Jersey; R. S. Field, The Provincial Courts of New Jersey; L. Q. C. Elmer, The Constitution and Government of New Jersey (vols. iii. and vii. of New Jersey Historical Society Collections, Newark, 1849, 1872); and David Murray, History of Education in New Jersey (No. 23 of Circulars of Information issued by the United States Bureau of Education, Washington, 1899).

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH, or, the community founded by the followers of (q.v.). Swedenborg himself took no steps to found a church, but having given a new interpretation of Scripture, it was inevitable that those who accepted his doctrine should separate themselves and organize a society in accordance therewith. Those who received them fully during Swedenborg’s lifetime were few and scattered, but courageously undertook the task of dissemination, and gave themselves to translating and distributing their master’s writings. Two Anglican clergymen were conspicuous in this work: Thomas Hartley (d. 1784), rector of Winwick, and John Clowes (1743–1831), vicar of St John’s, Manchester. Hartley translated Heaven and Hell (1778) and True Christian Religion (1781); Clowes, who taught New Church doctrine in the existing churches and was opposed to the forming of new organizations, translated 17 volumes, including the Arcana Coelestia, and published over 50 volumes of exposition and defence. Through his influence Lancashire became the stronghold of the Swedenborgians, and to-day includes a third of the congregations and more than half the members of the New Church in the United Kingdom.

In 1782 a society for publishing Swedenborg’s writings was formed in Manchester, and in December 1783 a little company of sympathizers with similar aims met in London and founded “The Theosophical Society,” among the members of which were John Flaxman the sculptor, William Sharpe the engraver, and F. H. Barthélemon the composer. In the early days most of them worshipped at the Female Orphan Asylum, St George’s, whose chaplain, Rev. Jacob Duche, like Clowes at Manchester, preached the doctrines from his own pulpit. In 1785 and 1787 J. W. Salmon and R. Mather conducted an open-air missionary tour in the Midlands and the North with some success. Five prominent Wesleyan preachers adopted the new teaching and were cut off from their connexion, a step which led, in spite of remonstrance from Clowes and others, to the formal organization of the New Jerusalem Church on the 7th of May 1787. For some months the members met in private houses, but in January 1788 began worship in a church in Great Eastcheap with a liturgy specially prepared by the Rev. James Hindmarsh and Isaac Hawkins. “The Theosophical Society” was now dissolved. In April 1789 a General Conference of British Swedenborgians was held in Great Eastcheap Church, followed by another and by the publication of a journal, the New Jerusalem Magazine, in 1790. Since 1815 conferences have been held every year. A weekly paper, the Morning Light, is published, as well as monthly magazines for adults (the New Church Magazine) and young folk. The liturgy (containing five services for Morning and Evening, together with the order of Baptism, Holy Supper, Marriage, &c.) was prepared in 1828, revised and extended in 1875; the hymn book of 1823 was revised and enlarged in 1880.

In the provinces the first church was at Birmingham (1791), followed by one at Manchester and another at Liverpool (1793). The Accrington church, the largest in Great Britain, was founded in 1802. Many of the early converts to the New Church were among the most fervent advocates of the abolition of slavery, one was the medical officer of the first batch of convicts sent to Botany Bay; from the house of another, William Cookworthy of Plymouth, Captain Cook sailed on his last voyage. Others were pioneers of elementary education, establishing free day schools long before they were thought of by the state.

In 1815 the conference took up the question of home missionary work, and its agents were able to found many branches of the church. In 1813 the Manchester and Salford (now the North of