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 Rajkot, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He had been adopted by his uncle, the Jam Shri Vibhaji, but the adoption was set aside, with British sanction, in favour of a son by a Mahommedan mother. This son succeeded, but died in 1906 aged twenty-four, and Ranjitsinjhi obtained the throne in March 1907. A branch railway, constructed at the expense of the state, was opened in 1898 from Rajkot to Nawanagar town.

The town of Nawanagar is about 5 m. from the seaport of Bedi. Pop. (1901) 53,844. Founded by Jam Rawal in 1540, it is built of stone, and has manufactures of silk and gold embroidery, and perfumed oils and red powder for ceremonial purposes. Its water is supplied from a reservoir covering 600 acres and an aqueduct 8 m. long. NAWĀWĪ [ ] (1233–1278), Arabian writer, was born at Nawā near Damascus. In the latter city he studied from his eighteenth year, and there, after making the pilgrimage in 1253, he settled as a private scholar until 1267, when he succeeded Abu Shāma as professor of tradition at the Ashrafīyya school. He died at Nawā from overwork.

 NAXOS, the largest of the Cyclades (about 22 m. by 16 m.), a fertile island in the Aegean Sea, east of Paros, with which, and adjacent smaller islands, it forms an eparchia. In ancient times it was also called Dia or Strongyle. It was rich in vines and famous for its wine, and a centre of the worship of Bacchus. The god found Ariadne asleep on its shore, when she was deserted by Theseus. The sculptors of Naxos formed an important school of early Greek art; several unfinished colossal statues are still to be seen in the quarries, notably one in Apollona Bay, to the N.E. of the island. A tyrant Lygdamis ruled Naxos in alliance with Peisistratus of Athens during the 6th century In 501 a Persian fleet unsuccessfully attacked it, but in 490 it was captured and treated with great severity. Four Naxian ships took part in the expedition of Xerxes, but deserted and fought on the Greek side at Salamis in 480. Naxos was a member of the (q.v.); it revolted in 471, was captured by Athens, and remained in her possession till her empire was destroyed. In later times the most remarkable event was its capture, in 1207, by the Venetian Marco Sanudo, who founded the duchy of Naxos, which flourished till the Turks took the island in 1566. Since the War of Independence it has belonged to the Greek kingdom. The only ancient remains of any importance are those of a temple (Palati), supposed to be that of Dionysus, on an island just off the town. Naxos is still rich in fruit trees, and also exports corn, wine and oil, as well as emery, its richest and most important mineral product. Pop. (1907) 25,185 (province), 2064 (commune).

 NAXOS, the earliest Greek colony in Sicily, was founded by Theocles from Chalcis in 735, on the E. coast, S. of Tauromenium (mod. Taormina), in a low-lying situation just N. of the mouth of the river Alcantara, where the castle of Schiso now stands. The adoption of the name of Naxos, the island in the Aegean Sea, seems to indicate that there were Naxians among its founders. Within a few years it became strong enough to found Leontini and Catana. Naxos was the warmest ally of Athens in the Sicilian expedition. In 403 it was destroyed by Dionysius and handed over to the Sicels, but was never rebuilt. Its place was supplied in 358 by Tauromenium. Scanty traces of its walls are to be seen, of irregular blocks of lava, especially on the south, parallel to the river (E. A. Freeman, Hist. of Sic. i. 323). Without the city stood the altar of Apollo Archegetes, at which all sacred embassies that left Sicily sacrificed before their departure (Thuc. vi. 3).

 NAY, or, the long flute of the ancient Egyptians, held obliquely and played by directing the breath, as in the pipes of the syrinx, across the open end, which had no embouchure of any kind. Performers on the nay are represented on many of the frescoes which decorated the tombs at Thebes, their flutes reaching nearly to the ground while they are in the familiar half-kneeling posture. The acoustic principles involved in the production of sound are the same as for the flute. The narrowness of the bore in proportion to the length would facilitate the production of harmonics and so give the nay an extended compass. Victor Loret has compiled a list of all the real pipes of ancient Egypt which have survived, having for the most part been preserved in mummy cases. The nay was not restricted to ancient Egypt, but has remained in general use in various parts of the East until the present day.

 NAYAGARH, a native state in India, in the Orissa division of Bengal. Area, 588 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 140,779; revenue, £8000. It contains hills rising to 5000 ft.; and exports much agricultural produce. In 1894 a revolt of the hill tribe of Khonds against the raja required the intervention of British military police. Nayagarh village (pop. 3340) is connected by road with Khurda in Puri district.

 NAYAR, or, a caste or tribe on the W. coast of S. India, who form the dominant race in Malabar. Traditionally they are soldiers, but many have taken to professions, and one was in 1910 a judge of the high court at Madras. Their total number in all India in 1901 was just over one million. Their most peculiar customs are: (1) marumakkattayam＝“descent through sister’s children,” or inheritance in the female line; and (2) sambandham, a loose form of union, taking the place of marriage, without any responsibility of the husband towards either Wife or children. In 1896 an act of the Madras legislature enabled a sambandham to be registered, and have the force of a legal marriage. Little advantage has been taken of this act, while it is alleged that the sambandham now usually lasts for a lifetime.

 NAYLER (or ), JAMES (1618–1660), English Puritan, was born at Andersloe or Ardsley, in Yorkshire, in 1618. In 1642 he joined the parliamentary army, and served as quartermaster in John Lambert’s horse. In 1651 he adopted Quakerism, and gradually arrived at the conviction that he was a new incarnation of Christ. He gathered round him a small band of disciples, who followed him from place to place. At Appleby in 1653 and again at Exeter in 1655 he suffered terms of imprisonment. In October 1655, in imitation of Christ’s procession into Jerusalem, he entered Bristol on horseback riding single—“a rawboned nude figure, with lank hair reaching below his cheeks”—attended by seven followers, some on horseback, some on foot, he in silence and they singing “Hosanna! Holy, holy! Lord God of Sabaoth!” At the High Cross he and his followers were arrested. His trial occupied the second parliament of Cromwell for several days, and on the 16th of December 1656 he was convicted of blasphemy and sentenced to be whipped from the Palace Yard to the Old Exchange, to be branded in the forehead with “B” (for blasphemer), to have his tongue bored with a red-hot iron, to be whipped through the streets of Bristol, and to suffer imprisonment with hard labour for two years. On his release he was readmitted into the communion of the Quakers, and spent some time in Westmorland with George Whitehead (1636?–1723). In October 1660 Nayler set out to visit his long-forsaken family in Yorkshire, but died on the journey in Huntingdonshire.

