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 apostle of visions,” or even for the writer of the Fourth Gospel himself.

NATHUBHOY, SIR MANGALDAS (1832–1890), Seth or head of the Kapol Bania caste, well known for their thrift and keen commercial instincts. He was born on the 15th of October 1832, of a family whose ancestors emigrated from Diu to Bombay soon after Bombay came into British possession. His grandfather, Ramdas Manordas, amassed a considerable fortune, which, owing to the premature death of his father, came into the sole possession of Mangaldas at the age of eleven. He had to take charge of the business in early life, though he gave some time to English studies. On the death of his wife he established a dispensary at Kalyan in her memory and also a special female ward in connexion with the David Sassoon hospital in Poona. As a merchant Mangaldas was upright and successful. In social matters he stood forth as a reformer, and to him the change to election from hereditary succession to the headship of the caste is due. In 1862 he founded a fellowship in Bombay university to allow graduates to spend some years in Europe. A bequest in his will enabled the university to establish seven similar scholarships. He took keen interest in learning, and in such institutions as the Asiatic and geographical societies. In 1866 he was nominated to the legislative council and sat till 1874. In 1867 he revived the Bombay association, a political body, over which he presided for a time. In 1872 he was made C.S.I., and in 1875 the dignity of Knight Bachelor was conferred on him. Besides a large donation to the Indian Famine Fund, Sir Mangaldas is known to have expended £500,000 on charities. He died at Bombay on the 9th of March 1890.

NATICK, a township of S.E. Middlesex county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the S.E. end of Cochituate Lake. Pop. (1890) 9118; (1900) 9488, of whom 1788 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 9866. The area of the township is 12·375 sq. m. The township’s largest village, also named Natick, lying 18 m. W.S.W. of Boston, is served by the Boston & Albany railroad; it has the Walnut Hill preparatory school, the Leonard Morse hospital, and a public library, the Morse institute, which was given by Mary Ann Morse (1825–1862) and was built in 1873. In the village of South Natick is the Bacon Free Library (1880), in which is housed the Historical, Natural History and Library Society. In 1905 the factory product was valued at $3,453,094; the boots and shoes manufactured in 1905 were valued at $2,896,110 or 83·9% of the town’s total, the output of brogans being especially important. Other distinctive manufactures are shirts and base-balls. Natick is the Indian name, signifying “our land,” or “hilly land,” of the site (originally part of Dedham) granted in 1650 to John Eliot, for the “praying” Indians. There was an Indian church in Natick, at what is now called South Natick or “Oldtown,” from 1660 to 1716; and for some years the community was governed, in accordance with the eighteenth chapter of Exodus, by “rulers of tens,” “rulers of fifties,” and “rulers of hundreds.” Until 1719 the Indians held the land in common. In 1735 the few Indians remaining were put under guardianship. The township owns a copy of Eliot’s Indian Bible. An Eliot monument was erected in 1847 on the Indian burying-ground near the site of the Indian church, now occupied by a Unitarian church. Of the Eliot oaks, made famous by Longfellow’s sonnet, one was cut down in 1842, the other still stands. Henry Wilson learned to make shoes here, and in the presidential campaign in 1840 gained the sobriquet of the “Natick Cobbler.” By the colonial authorities Natick was considered as a “plantation” until the establishment of the church; in 1762 the parish (erected in 1745) became a district, and in 1781 this was incorporated as a town.

NATIONAL ANTHEMS OR HYMNS. The selection of some particular songs, words and music, as the formal expression of national patriotism, is a comparatively modern development of ceremonial usage. In Europe the chief national anthems are: The United Kingdom: “God save the king” (see below); France: “The Marseillaise,” by Rouget de Lisle; Germany: “Heil dir im Siegeskranz,” words by Balthasar Gerhard Schumacher, music of “God save the King”; Switzerland: “Rufst du, mein Vaterland,” music of “God save the King”; Italy: the “Royal March” by G. Gabetti; Austria: “Gott erhalte unsern Kaiser,” words by L. L. Haschka, music by Haydn; Hungary: “Isten ald meg a Magyart”; Belgium: “La Brabançonne,” by F. Campenhout; Holland: “Wien Nierlansch”; Denmark: “Heil dir, dem Liebenden,” words by H. Harries, music of “God save the King,” and “King Kristian stod ved hojen mast,” words by Ewald, music by Hartman; Sweden” Ur Svenska hjertans”; Russia: “ Bozhe Zaria chrany,” words by J. J. Canas, music by D. Jenko; Rumania: “Traeasca Regale,” words by V. Alexandri, music by E. A. Hübsch; Spain: “Himno de Riego,” music by Herta. In the United States, the “Star Spangled Banner” (1814; words by F. S. Key, music by J. S. Smith) and “Hail Columbia” (1798; words by Joseph Hopkinson, music by Fyles) share the duties of a national anthem, while the tune of “God save the King” is sung to words beginning “My country, ’tis of thee,” by Samuel F. Smith (1808–1895).

The most celebrated of all national anthems is the English “God save the King,” which is said to have been first sung as his own composition by Henry Carey in 1740; and a version was assigned by W. Chappell (Popular Music) to the Harmonia Anglicana of 1742 or 1743, but no copy exists and this is now doubted. Words and music were printed in the Gentleman’s Magazine for October 1745. There has been much controversy as to the authorship, which is complicated by the fact that earlier forms of the air and the words are recorded. Such are an “Ayre” of 1619, attributed to John Bull, who has long been credited with the origin of the anthem; the Scottish carol, “Remember, O thou man,” in Ravenscroft’s Melismata, 1611; the ballad “Franklin is fled away” (printed 1669; and a piece in Purcell’s Choice Collection for the Harpsichord (1696). The words or part of them are also found in various forms from the 16th century. The question was discussed in Richard Clarke’s Account of the National Anthem (1822), and has been reinvestigated by Dr W. H. Cummings in his God save the King (1902). Carey and Bull, in the general opinion of musical historians, divide the credit; but in his Minstrelsy of England (1901) Frank Kidson introduced a new claimant, James Oswald, a Scotsman who settled in London in 1742, and worked for John Simpson, the publisher of the early copies of God save the King, and who became chamber composer to George III. What appears to be certain is that 1745 is the earliest date assignable to the substantial national anthem as we know it, and that both words and music had been evolved out of earlier forms. Bull’s is the earliest form of the air; Carey’s claim to the remodelling of the anthem rests on an unauthoritative tradition; and, on general probabilities, Oswald is a strong candidate. The tune was adopted by Germany and by Denmark before the end of the 18th century.

NATIONAL DEBT. Details as to the recent figures of the national debts of individual countries are given under the heading of each country, and the reader is also referred to the article Here the subject is considered in its technical aspects—including the special character of the institution, the different classes of debt, the various methods of raising loans, interest, funding systems, comparative statistics of national debts and other points.

National debt is so universal that it has been described as the first stage of a nation towards civilization. A nation, so far as its finances are concerned, may be regarded as a corporate body or even as an individual. Like the one or the other it may borrow money at rates of interest, and with securities, general or special, proportionate to its resources, credit and stability. But, while in this respect there are certain points of analogy between a state and an individual, there are important points of difference so far as the question of debt is concerned. A state,