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 At some stage or other we are led by analogy to expect that a division of nuclei would occur in which the number of chromosomes would be reduced by one half, that this would be followed by the formation of gametes, and that the nuclei of the latter would subsequently fuse in karyogamy.

It is clear that both in the Endosporeae and Exosporeae a mitotic division of nuclei immediately precedes spore-formation. This is regarded by Jahn as a reduction division. If this is the case, the zoospores or the amoebulae must in some way represent the gametes. The fusion of the latter to form plasmodia appears to offer a process comparable with the conjugation of gametes, but though the fusion of the protoplasm of the amoebulae has been often observed no fusion of their nuclei (karyogamy) has been found to accompany it. A fusion of nuclei has indeed been described as occurring in the plasmodium, or at stages in the development of the sporangia or sporophores, but in no case can the evidence be regarded as satisfactory. Until we have clear evidence on this point the nuclear history of the mycetozoa must remain incomplete.

Jahn’s observation of the mitotic division of nuclei preceding spore-formation in Ceratiomyxa gives a fixed point for comparison of the Exosporeae with the Endosporeae. Starting from this division it seems clear that the spore of Ceratiomyxa is comparable with the spore of the Endosporeae except that the nucleus of the former has undergone two mitotic divisions.

.—(1) A. de Bary, “Die Mycetozoen,” ''Zeitschr. f. wiss.'' Zool., x. 88 (1860). (2) “Die Mycetozoen,” (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1864). (3) Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria, translation (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1887). (4) O. Bütschli, “Protozoa, Abth. g. Sarcodina,” Bronn’s Thierreich, Bd. i. (5) L. Cienkowski, “Die Pseudogonidien,” Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher, i. 371. (6) “Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten,” Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher, iii. 325 (pub. 1862). (7) “Das Plasmodium,” ibid. p. 400 (1863). (8) “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Monaden,” ''Arch. f mikr. Anat.'' i. 203 (1865). (9) J. C. Constantineanu, “Ueber die Entwicklungsbedingungen der Myxomyceten,” Annales mycologici, Vierter Jahrg. (Dec. 1906). (10) A. Famintzin and M. Woronin, “Ueber zwei neue Formen von Schleimpilzen Ceratium hydnoides, A. und Sch., and C. porioides, A. und Sch.,” ''Mém. de l'acad. imp. d. sciences de St Petersburg'', series 7, T. 20, No. 3 (1873). (11) M. Greenwood and E. R. Saunders, “On the Rôle of Acid in Protozoan Digestion,” ''Jour. of Physiology'', xvi. 441 (1894). (12) R. A. Harper, “Cell and Nuclear Division in Fuligo varians,” Botanical Gazette, vol. 30, No. 4, p. 217 (1900). (13) E. Jahn, “Myxomycetenstudien 3. Kernteilung u. Geisselbildung bei den Schwärmern von Stemonitis flaccida, Lister,” Bericht d. deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, Bd. 22 p. 84 (1904). (14) “Myxomiycetenstudien 6. Kernverschmelzungen und Reduktionsteilungen,” ibid. Bd. 25, p. 23 (1907). (15) W. Saville Kent, “The Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa; Animals or Plants?” Popular Science Review, n.s., v. 97 (1881). (16) H. Kränzlin, “Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Sporangien bei den Trichien und Arcyrien,” ''Arch. f. Protistenkunde'', Bd. ix. Heft. 1, p. 170 (1907). (17) A. Lister, “Notes on the Plasmodium of Badhamia utricularis and Brefeldia maxima,” ''Ann. of'' Botany, vol. ii. No. 5 (1888). (18) “On the Ingestion of Food Material by the Swarm-Cells of the Mycetozoa,” ''Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.'') xxv. 435 (1889). (19) “On the Division of Nuclei in the Mycetozoa,” ''Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.'') vol. xxix. (189). (20) “A Monograph of the Mycetozoa,” British Museum Catalogue (London, 1894). (21) “Presidential Address to the British Mycological Society,” Trans. ''Brit. Mycological Soc.'' (1906). (22) A. and G. Lister, “Synopsis of the Orders, Genera and Species of Mycetozoa,” Journal of Botany, vol. xlv. (May 1907). (23) E. W. Olive, “Monograph of the Acrasiae,” ''Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. History'', vol. xxx. No. 6 (1902). (24) “Evidences of Sexual Reproduction in the Slime Moulds,” Science, n.s., xxv. 266 (Feb. 1907). (25) “Cytological Studies in Ceratiomyxa,” ''Trans. Wisconsin Acad. of Sciences, Arts and Letters'', vol. xv., pt. ii. p. 753 (Dec. 1907). (26) E. Pinoy, “Rôle des bactéries dans le développement de certains Myxomycètes,” ''Ann. de l'institut'' Pasteur, T. xxi. pp. 622 and 686 (1907). (27) H. Plenge, “Ueber die Verbindungen zwischen Geissel u. Kern bei den Schwärmerzellen d. Mycetozoen,” ''Verh. d. naturist.-med. Vereins zu Heidelberg'', N.F. Bd. vi. Heft 3 (1899). (28) S. von Prowazek, “Kernveränderungen in Myxomycetenplasmodien,” ''Oesterreich. botan. Zeitschr.'' Bd. liv. p. 278 (1904). (29) E. Strasburger, “Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte d. Sporangien von Trichia fallax,” Botanische Zeitung (1884). (30) R. Thaxter, “On the Myxobacteriaceae, a new order of Schizomycetes,” Botanical Gazette, xvii. 389 (1892). (31) W. Zopf, “Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze,” Schenk’s Handbuch der Botanik (1887).

 MYCONIUS, FRIEDRICH (1490–1546), Lutheran divine, was born on the 26th of December 1490, at Lichtenfels on the Main, of worthy and pious parents, whose family name, Mecum, gave

rise to proud uses of the word as it appears in various places in the Vulgate, whereas Myconius, from the island Myconus, was a proverb for meanness. His schooling was in Lichtenfels and at Annaberg, where he had a memorable encounter with the Dominican, Tetzel, his point being that indulgences should be given pauperibus gratis. His teacher, Staffelstein, persuaded him to enter (July 14, 1510) the Franciscan cloister. That same night a pictorial dream turned his thoughts towards the religious standpoint which he subsequently reached as a Lutheran. From Annaberg he passed to Franciscan communities at Leipzig and Weimar, where he was ordained priest (1516); he had endeavoured to satisfy his mind with scholastic divinity, but next year his “eyes and ears were opened” by the theses of Luther, whom he met when Luther touched at Weimar on his way to Augsburg. For six years he preached his new gospel, under difficulties, in various seats of his order, lastly at Zwickau, whence he was called to Gotha (Aug. 1524) by Duke John at the general desire. Here he married Margaret Jäcken, a lady of good family. He was intimately connected with the general progress of the reforming movement, and was especially in the confidence of Luther. Twice he was entrusted (1528 and 1533) with the ordering of the churches and schools in Thuringia. In all the religious disputations and conferences of the time he took a leading part. At the Convention of Smalkald (1537) he signed the articles on his own behalf and that of his friend Justus Menius. In 1538 he was in England, as theologian to the embassy which hoped to induce Henry VIII. on the basis of the Augsburg Confession, to make common cause with the Lutheran reformation; a project which Myconius caustically observed might have prospered on condition that Henry was allowed to be pope. Next year he was employed in the cause of the Reformation in Leipzig. Not the least important part of his permanent work in Gotha was the founding and endowment of its gymnasium. In 1541 his health was failing, but he lived till the 7th of April 1546. He had nine children, four of whom were living in 1542.

 MYCONIUS, OSWALD (1488–1552), Zwinglian divine, was born at Lucerne in 1488. His family name was Geisshüsler; his father was a miller; hence he was also called. The name Myconius seems to have been given him by Erasmus. From the school at Rottweil, on the Neckar, he went (1510) to the university of Basel, and became a good classic. From 1514 he obtained schoolmaster posts at Basel, where he married, and made the acquaintance of Erasmus and of Holbein, the painter. In 1516 he was called, as schoolmaster, to Zürich, where (1518) he attached himself to the reforming party of Zwingli. This led to his being transferred to Lucerne, and again (1523) reinstated at Zürich. On the death of Zwingli (1531) he migrated to Basel, and there held the office of town's preacher, and (till 1541) the chair of New Testament exegesis. His spirit was comprehensive; in confessional matters he was for a union of all Protestants; though a Zwinglian, his readiness to compromise with the advocates of consubstantiation gave him trouble with the Zwinglian stalwarts. He had, however, a distinguished follower in Theodore Bibliander. He died on the 14th of October 1552.

 MYDDELTON (or ), SIR HUGH,. (c. 1560–1631), contractor of the New River scheme for supplying London with water, was a younger son of Sir Richard Myddelton, governor of Denbigh Castle. Hugh became a successful London