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.—The dates given are those in which the various rulers acquired sovereign power. Many had already secured the allegiance of certain provinces some time before, and many retained such allegiance long after the greater portion of the empire had accepted a successful rival. European nations in several instances treated with men who were not at the time actual sovereigns, and in some cases were never such.

.—History: Budgett Meakin, The Moorish Empire, an historical epitome (London, 1899; which contains critical notices of all important books on Morocco to date); Ernest Mercier, Histoire de l’Afrique septentrionale (3 vols., Paris, 1888–1891). Principal authorities: Native—Ibn‛Abd el Hākim, embracing the period from 690 to 750 (trans. Jones; Göttingen, 1858); ‛Abd el Wāhid el Marrākeshi (1149–1224), trans. E. Fagnan in the Revue Africaine, pp. 202–207 (1891), Raōd el Kartās (788–1326), trans. Baumier (Paris, 1860); El Makkāri (710–1500), trans. Gayangos (London, 1840); El Ufrāni (1631–1812), trans. Houdas (Paris, 1889); and En Nāsiri (710–1894; Cairo, 1895). Foreign—Diego de Torres, Relacion del Origen y suceso de los xarifes (Seville, 1586); Faria y Sousa, Africa Portuguesa (Lisbon, 1681); Mouëtte, Histoire des Conquestes de Mouley Archy, &c. (Paris, 1683); De el Puerto, Mission historial de marruecos (Seville, 1708); Busnot, Histoire du regne de Muley Ismail (Rouen, 1714); Louis S. de Chénier, Récherches historiques sur les Maures (3 vols., Paris, 1787); Mas Latrie, Traités de paix, &c. (3 vols., Paris, 1866–1872), and Relations et commerce de l’Afrique septentrionale (Paris, 1886).

Geography.—Budgett Meakin, The Land of the Moors (a general description, London, 1901); Ch. De Foucauld, Reconnaissance au Maroc, text and maps (Paris, 1888; by far the most extensive, detailed and original exploration up to that date undertaken in Morocco, admirably illustrated); J. D. Hooker and John Ball, Marocco and the Great Atlas (London, 1878; the trustworthy record of a serious and well-equipped scientific expedition, valuable chiefly for its botanical information); Gerhard Rohlfs, Adventures in Morocco (London, 1874; previous to De Foucauld's achievement, the most extensive journey recorded in modern times); Walter B. Harris, Tafilet (London, 1895; recounts a plucky journey across the Atlas); Joseph Thomson, Travels in the Atlas (London, 1889; the narrative of a restricted excursion from Marrākesh); H. de la Martinière, Journeys in the Kingdom of Fez (London, 1889; chief value archaeological); Rafael Pezzi, Los presidios menores de Africa (Madrid, 1893; an account of the Spanish possessions in Morocco); Captain Jules Erckmann, Le Maroc moderne (Paris, 1885; includes parts not open to Europeans, visited by the author as an officer in the Moorish army); Capt. E. Bonelli, El Imperio de Marruecos (Madrid, 1882; a somewhat similar work, by a Spanish officer); F. de A. de Urrestazu, Viages por Marruecos (Madrid, 1877; descriptions by a Spaniard born in the country and travelling. as a native); G. D. Cowan and R. L. N. Johnston, Moorish Lotos Leaves (London, 1883; trustworthy papers dealing with south central Morocco); Emilien Renou, Description géographique de l’empire du Maroc (Paris, 1846; a compendium of information available at that date); J. Canal, Géographie générale du Maroc (Paris, 1902); Mission de Segonzac, Voyages au Maroc 1899–1901 (Paris, 1903) and later publications of the Segonzac Mission; Ch. Tissot, Récherches sur la géographie comparée de la Maurétanie Tingitane (Paris, 1877; a valuable archaeological survey); M. Besnier, “Géographie ancienne du Maroc” and “Recueil des descriptions antiques,” both in No. III. of Archives marocaines (Paris, 1904); Leo Africanus, Description of Africa, 1526, trans. Pory, 1600; ed. Dr Robert Brown, for Hakluyt Society (3 vols., London, 1896; a wonderful work for its period, always of interest, but the source of many oft-repeated errors in books on Morocco).

Geology.—G. Maw, “Notes on the Geology of the Plain of Morocco and the Great Atlas,” ''Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1872), vol. xxviii.; J. Thomson, “Report of the Committee appointed to investigate the Geography and Geology of the Atlas Range in the Empire of Morocco,” Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1889'', Newcastle Meeting; P. Schnell