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 two tribes was consolidated under one Mohegan chief. For some time the Mohegans remained the supreme Indian people of southern New England. Eventually they sold most of their lands and centred in a small reservation on Thames river. They have now practically become extinct.

MOHL, HUGO VON (1805–1872), German botanist, was born at Stuttgart on the 8th of April 1805. He was a son of the Württemberg statesman Benjamin Ferdinand von Mohl (1766–1845), the family being connected on both sides with the higher class of state officials of Württemberg. While a pupil at the gymnasium he pursued botany and mineralogy in his leisure time, till in 1823 he entered the university of Tübingen. After graduating with distinction in medicine he went to Munich, where he met a distinguished circle of botanists, and found ample material for research. This seems to have determined his career as a botanist, and he started in 1828 those anatomical investigations which continued till his death. In 1832 he was appointed professor of botany in Tübingen, a post which he never left. Unmarried, his pleasures were in his laboratory and library, and in perfecting optical apparatus and microscopic preparations, for which he showed extraordinary manual skill. He was largely a self-taught botanist from boyhood, and, little influenced in his opinions even by his teachers, preserved always his independence of view on scientific questions. He received many honours during his lifetime, and was elected foreign fellow of the Royal Society in 1868. Von Mohl’s writings cover a period of forty-four years; the most notable of them were republished in 1845 in a volume entitled Vermischte Schriften (For lists of his works see Botanische Zeitung, 1872, p. 576, and Royal Soc. Catalogue, 1870, vol. iv.) They dealt with a variety of subjects, but chiefly with the structure of the higher forms, including both rough anatomy and minute histology. The word “protoplasm” was his suggestion; the nucleus had already been recognized by R. Brown and others, but von Mohl showed in 1844 that the protoplasm is the source of those movements which at that time excited so much attention. He recognized under the name of “primordial utricle” the protoplasmic lining of the vacuolated cell, and first described the behaviour of the protoplasm in cell-division. These and other observations led to the overthrow of J. M. Schleiden’s theory of origin of cells by free-cell-formation. His contributions to knowledge of the cell-wall were no less remarkable, he held the view now generally adopted of growth of cell-wall by apposition. He first explained the true nature of pits, and showed the cellular origin of vessels and of fibrous cells; he was, in fact, the true founder of the cell theory. Clearly the author of such researches was the man to collect into one volume the theory of cell-formation, and this he did in his treatise Die vegetabilische Zelle (1851), a short work translated into English (Ray Society, 1852). Von Mohl’s early investigations on the structure of palms, of cycads, and of tree-ferns permanently laid the foundation of all later knowledge of this subject: so also his work on Isoetes (1840). His later anatomical work was chiefly on the stems of dicotyledons and gymnosperms; in his observations on cork and bark he first explained the formation and origin of different types of bark, and corrected errors relating to lenticels. Following on his early demonstration of the origin of stomata (1838), he wrote a classical paper on their opening and closing (1850). In 1843 he started in conjunction with F. Schlechtendal the weekly Botanische Zeitung, which he jointly edited till his death. He was never a great writer of comprehensive works; no text-book exists in his name, and it would indeed appear from his withdrawal from co-operation in W. F. B. Hofmeister’s Handbuch that he had a distaste for such efforts. In his latter years his productive activity fell off, doubtless through failing health, and he died suddenly at Tübingen on the 1st of April 1872.

MOHL, JULIUS VON (1800–1876), German Orientalist, brother of (q.v.), was born at Stuttgart on the 25th of October 1800. Having studied theology at Tübingen (1818–1823), he abandoned the idea of entering the Lutheran ministry, and in 1823 went to Paris, at that time, under Silvestre De Sacy, the great European school of Eastern letters. From 1826 to 1833 he was nominally professor at Tübingen, but had permission to continue his studies abroad, and he passed some years in London and in Oxford. In 1826 he was charged by the French government with the preparation of an edition of the Shah Nama (Livre des rois), the first volume of which appeared in 1838, while the seventh and last was left unfinished at his death, being completed by Barbier de Meynard. Discerning this to be his life’s work, he resigned his chair at Tübingen in 1834, and settled permanently in Paris. In 1844 he was nominated to the academy of inscriptions, and in 1847 he became professor of Persian at the College de France. But his knowledge and interest extended to all departments of Oriental learning. He served for many years as secretary, and then as president of the Société Asiatique. His annual reports on Oriental science, presented to the society from 1840 to 1867, and collected after his death in Paris on the 3rd of January 1876, under the title Vingt-sept ans d’histoire des études orientales (Paris, 1879), are an admirable history of the progress of Eastern learning during these years. Concerning the discoveries at Nineveh he wrote Lettres de M. Botta sur les découvertes à Khorsabad (1845). He also published anonymously, in conjunction with Justus Olshausen (1800–1882), Fragments relatifs à la religion de Zoroastre (Paris, 1829); Confucii Chi-king sive liber carminum, ex latina P. Lacharmi interpretatione (Stuttgart, 1830); and an edition of Y-King, Antiquissimus Sinarum liber, ex interpretatione P. Regis (Stuttgart, 1834–1839).

His wife Mary (1793–1883), daughter of Charles Clarke, had passed a great part of her early life in Paris, where she was very intimate with Madame Récamier, before their marriage in 1847, and for nearly forty years her house was one of the most popular intellectual centres in Paris. Madame Mohl’s friends included a large number of Englishmen and Englishwomen. She died in Paris on the 14th of May 1883. Madame Mohl wrote Madame Récamier, with a Sketch of the History of Society in France (London, 1862).

Mohl’s elder brother, (1799–1875), was a well-known jurist and statesman. From 1824 to 1845 he was professor of political sciences at the university of Tübingen, losing his position because of some frank criticisms which brought him under the displeasure of the authorities of Württemberg. In 1847 he was a member of the parliament of Württemberg, and in the same year he was appointed professor of law at Heidelberg; in 1848 he was a member of the German parliament which met at Frankfort, and for a few months he was minister of justice. His later public life was passed in the service of the grand-duke of Baden, whom he represented as ambassador in Munich from 1867 to 1871. He died in Berlin on the 5th of November 1875. Among his numerous writings may be mentioned, Die deutsche Polizeiwissenschaft nach den Grundsätzen des Rechtsstaats (Tübingen, 1832–1834, and again 1866); Geschichte und Literatur der Staatswissenschaften (Erlangen, 1855–1858); Encyklopädie der Staatswissenschaften (Tübingen, 1859, again 1881); and Staatsrecht, Völkerrecht und Politik (Tübingen, 1860–1869).

Another brother, (1892–1888), entered official life at an early age and was a member of the Frankfort parliament, and later of the parliament of Württemberg and of the imperial Reichstag. He was a voluminous writer on economic and political questions.

MÖHLER, JOHANN ADAM (1796–1838), German theologian, was born at Igersheim in Württemberg on the 6th of May 1796, and after studying philosophy and theology in the lyceum at Ellwangen, entered the university of Tübingen in 1817. Ordained to the priesthood in 1819, he was appointed to a curacy at Riedlingen, but speedily returned as “repetent” to Tübingen,