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 cited above, with the exception of the first, the synaposematic mimics are vastly in excess of the pseudaposematic; this appears to be the general rule elsewhere. Frequently the groups are composed solely of protected species, so far as is at present known; and sometimes solely, in all probability, of unprotected species with exception of course of the model. An example of the latter occurs in Singapore where the vicious red spinning-ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) is mimicked by the larva of a Noctuid moth and by spiders belonging to two distinct families, namely, Saltiicus plataleoides (Salticidae) and Amyciaea forticeps (Thomisidae), there being no reason to suppose that either the moth larva or the spiders are protected forms. Mimetic aggregations of species similar to those mentioned above have been found in other countries; but the instances cited are sufficient to show how widespread are the influences of mimicry and how profoundly it has modified the insect fauna of various parts of the world.

.—H. W. Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. (Lond., 1862); id. The Naturalist on the Amazons (1879); T. Belt, The Naturalist in Nicaragua (2nd ed. 1888); F. A. Dixey, ''Rep. Brit. Assoc.'' (1894) p. 692; id. ''Tr. Ent. Soc. (London, 1894), p. 249; id., op. cit.'' (1896); p. 65; id., op. cit. (1897), p. 317; also ''Proc. Ent. Soc. (Lond.'' 1897), pp. xx.–xxxii. and xxxiv.–xlvii.; F. Finn, ''Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal'', lxiv., (1895); lxv. (1896) and lxvi. (1897); E. Haase, Bibliotheca zoologica, (1891–1893, Stuttgart; English trans. by C. M. Child, 1896); G. A. K. Marshall, ''Trans. Ent. Soc. (London, 1902), pp. 287-584 (annotated by E. B. Poulton); A. T. Masterman, Journ. Linn. Soc.'', xxx., 239-244 (1908); R. Meldola, ''Proc. Ent. Soc.'' London (1877), p. 12; id. ''Ann. Mag.'' ''Nat. Hist.'' (5)x. (1882); C. Lloyd Morgan, Habit and Instinct (London, 1896); id. Animal Behaviour, pp. 164-165 (London, 1900); F. Müller, Kosmos (May 1879), p. 100; (trans) ''Proc. Ent. Soc.'' London (1879), xx.; A. Newton, A Dictionary of Birds, p. 572-575 (London, 1893–1896); E. G. Peckham, ''Occasional Pap. Nat. Hist. Soc. Wisconsin'', i. (1889); R. I. Pocock, ''Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.'', pp. 256-270 (1909); id. Proc. ''Zool. Soc. London, 944-959 (1909); E. B. Poulton, Proc. Zool. Soc.'' London (1887), 191-274; id. The Colours of Animals, 216-244 (1890); id. “Natural Selection the Cause of Mimetic Resemblance and Common Warning Colour,” ''Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.'', xxvi. (1898); revised and amplified in Essays on Evolution, pp. 220-270 (1908); id. “Mimicry and Natural Selection,” ''Verhandl. d. V. internat. zool. Congr. Berlin'' (Jena, 1902); revised in Essays on Evolution, 271-292; id. “The Place of Mimicry in a Scheme of Defensive Coloration,” Essays on Evolution, pp. 293-382 (1908); W. P. Pycraft, The Story of Bird Life, pp. 32-33 (“Mimicry”), (1899); M. Roelofe, ''C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg.'' (2), No. 59 (1878); R. Shelford, ''Proc. Zool. Soc.'' (1902), ii. part 2, 230-284; R. Trimen, ''Trans. Linn. Soc.'', xxvi. p. 497 (1870); A. R. Wallace, ''Proc. Zool. Soc.'' (1863), pp. 26-28; id. ''Trans. Linn. Soc''., xxv. pp. 19-22 (1866); id. The Malay Archipelago, ii. (London, 1869); id. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, pp. 103-106 (London, 1875); id. Darwinism, pp. 239-265 (London, 1889); A. Weismann, The Evolution Theory, Eng. trans. (London, 1904).

 MIMNERMUS of Colophon, Greek elegiac poet, flourished about 630–600 His life fell in the troubled time when the Ionic cities of Asia Minor were struggling to maintain themselves against the rising power of the Lydian kings. One of the extant fragments of his poems refers to this struggle, and contrasts the present effeminacy of his countrymen with the bravery of those who had once defeated the Lydian king Gyges. But his most important poems were a set of elegies addressed to a flute-player named Nanno, collected in two books called after her name. Mimnermus was the first to make the elegiac verse the vehicle for love-poetry. He set his own poems to the music of the flute, and the poet Hipponax says that he used the melancholy , “the fig-branch strain,” said to be a peculiar melody, to the accompaniment of which two human purificatory victims were led out of Athens to be sacrificed during the festival of Thargelia (Hesychius, s.v.).

 MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which “mimic” animal sensibility), a genus of the natural order Leguminosae, which gives its name to the large sub-order Mimoseae (characterized by usually small regular flowers with valvate corolla), to which belongs also the nearly allied genus Acacia. They are distributed throughout almost all tropical and subtropical regions, the acacias preponderating in Australia and the true mimosas in America. The former are of considerable importance as sources of timber, gum and tannin, but the latter are of much less economic value, though a few, like the ṭalḥ (M. ferruginea) of Arabia and Central Africa, are important trees. Most are herbs or undershrubs, but some South American species are tall woody climbers. They are often prickly.

The roots of some Brazilian species are poisonous, and that of M. pudica, has irritating properties. The mimosas, however, owe their interest and their extensive cultivation, partly to Branch and leaves of the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica), showing the petiole in its erect state, a, and in its depressed state, b; also the leaflets closed (c), and the leaflets expanded (d); p, pulvinus. the beauty of their usually bipinnate foliage, but still more to the remarkable development in some species of the sleep movements manifested to some extent by most of the pinnate Leguminosae, as well as many other (especially seedling) plants. In the so-called “sensitive plants” these movements not only take place under the influence of light and darkness, but can be easily excited by mechanical and other stimuli. When stimulated—say, at the axis of one of the secondary petioles—the leaflets move upwards on each side until they meet, the movement being propagated centripetally. It may then be communicated to the leaflets of the other secondary petioles, which close (the petioles, too, converging), and thence to the main petiole, which sinks rapidly downwards towards the stem, the bending taking place at the pulvinus (p in figure) or swollen base of the leafstalk. When shaken in any way, the leaves close and droop simultaneously, but if the agitation be continued, they reopen as if they had become accustomed to the shocks. The common sensitive plant of hot-houses is M. pudica, a native of tropical America, but now naturalized in corresponding latitudes of Asia and Africa, but the hardly distinguishable M. sensitiva and others are also cultivated. Species of the closely allied genus Schrankia are known as sensitive-briar in the southern United States.  MIMULUS, in botany, a genus (nat. order Scrophulariaceae), of showy, hardy or half-hardy, herbaceous, rarely shrubby plants, natives of the extra-tropical or mountainous parts of both old and new worlds excepting Europe, but chiefly American. The plants have opposite, undivided leaves, and axillary, generally solitary flowers with a two-lipped, gaping corolla. The herbaceous species thrive best in damp situations; the shrubby species, of which M. glutinosus (formerly called Diplacus) is best known, are adapted for pot culture in the greenhouse. M. luteus, the monkey-flower of gardens, has yellow flowers with two dark marks in the mouth of the corolla; M. Langsdorfii, an American species, has become naturalized by river-sides in many parts of Britain.

 MINA, FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y (1781–1836) Spanish guerrillero leader and general, was born at Ydozin in Navarre on the 17th of June 1781. His father, Juan Esteban Espoz y Mina, and his mother Maria Teresa Hundain y Ardaiz, belonged to the class of yeomen. Mina remained working on the small family inheritance till 1808. When Napoleon endeavoured to seize Spain in that year he enlisted in the regiment of Doyle, and then passed to the guerrilla band commanded by his nephew Xavier Mina. When Xavier was captured by the French on the 21st of March 1810, seven men of the band elected to follow Francisco; and on the 1st of April of the same year the Junta of Aragon gave him the command of the guerrilleros of Navarre. His first act was to arrest and shoot at Estella, one Echevarria, who, under pretence of being a patriotic guerrillero, was in fact a brigand. The national government at Cadiz gave him rank, and by the 7th of September 1812, he had been promoted to be commander-in-chief in Upper Aragon, and on the left bank of the Ebro. In the interval he claimed that he had fought 143 actions big and little, had been repeatedly wounded with bullet, sword and lance, had taken 13 fortified posts, and 14,000 prisoners, and had never been