Page:EB1911 - Volume 16.djvu/498

 or hairy with a curiously forked tail-segment. A similar larva characterizes the South American Brassolinae or owl-butterflies—robust insects (figs. 72, 73) with the areolets closed in both wings, which are adorned with large “eye-spots” beneath. The Satyrinae, including our native browns and the Alpine Erebiae, resemble the foregoing group in many respects of structure, but the sub-costal nervure is greatly thickened at the base (fig. 74). This sub-family is world-wide in its distribution. One genus (Oeneis, fig. 75) is found in high northern latitudes, but reappears in South America. The dark, spotted species of Erebia are familiar insects to travellers among the Alps; yet butterflies nearly related to these Alpine insects occur in Patagonia, in South Africa and in New Zealand. Such facts of distribution clearly show that though the Nymphalidae have attained a high degree of specialization among the Lepidoptera, some of their genera have a history which goes back to a time when the distribution of land and water on the earth’s surface must have been very different from what it is to-day.  

—The handsome Lepidoptera, with their interesting and easily observed life-histories, have naturally attracted many students, and the literature of the order is enormous. M. Malpighi’s treatise on the anatomy of the silkworm (De Bombycibus, London, 1669) and P. Lyonnet’s memoir on the Goat-caterpillar, are among the earliest and most famous of entomological writings. W. F. Kirby’s Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera (5 vols., London, 1894–1897) should be consulted for references to the older systematic writers such as Linnaeus, J. C. Fabricius, J. Hübner, P. Cramer, E. Doubleday and W. C. Hewitson. Kirby’s Catalogues are also invaluable for the systematist. For the jaws of the Lepidoptera see F. Darwin, ''Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci.'' xv. (1875); E. Burgess, Amer. Nat. xiv. (1880); A. Walter, ''Jen. Zeits. f. Naturw.'' xviii. (1885); W. Breitenbach, Ib. xv. (1882); V. L. Kellogg, ''Amer. Nat.'' xxix. (1895). The last-named deals also with wing structure, which is further described by A. Spuler, ''Zeits. wiss. Zool.'' liii. (1892) and ''Zool. Jahrb. Anat.'' viii. (1895); A. R. Grote, ''Mitt. aus dem Roemer-Museum'' (Hildesheim, 1896–1897); G. Enderlein, ''Zool. Jahrb.'' Anat. xvi. (1903), and many others. For scales see A. G. Mayer, ''Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard'', xxix. (1896). For internal anatomy W. H. Jackson, ''Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool.'' (2) v. (1891), and W. Petersen, ''Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Petersburg'' (8) ix. (1900). The early stages and transformations of Lepidoptera are described by J. Gonin, ''Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat.'' xxx. (1894); E. B. Poulton, ''Trans. Linn.'' ''Soc. Zool. (2) v. (1891); H. G. Dyar, Ann. New York Acad. Sci.'' viii. (1894); T. A. Chapman, ''Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond.'' (1893), &c. For habits and life-relations see A. Seitz, ''Zool. Jahrb. Syst.'' v., vii. (1890, 1894); A. Weismann, Studies in the Theory of Descent (London, 1882) and Entomologist, xxix. (1896); F. Merrifield, ''Trans. Entom.'' ''Soc. Lond. (1890, 1893, 1905); M. Standfuss, Handbuch der paläarktischen'' Gross-schmetterlinge (Jena, 1896); R. Trimen, ''Proc. Ent.'' ''Soc. Lond. (1898); E. B. Poulton, Colours of Animals'' (London, 1890); ''Trans. Entom. Soc. (1892 and 1903), and Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.'' xxvi. (1898); F. E. Beddard, Animal Coloration (London, 1892). For distribution see H. J. Elwes, ''Proc. Entom. Soc. Lond.'' (1894); J. W. Tutt, Migration and Dispersal of Insects (London, 1902); Fossil Lepidoptera, S. H. Scudder, ''8th Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey'' (1889). Among recent general works on the Lepidoptera, most of which contain numerous references to the older literature, may be mentioned A. S. Packard’s unfinished work on the Bombycine Moths of N. America, ''Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia'', vii. (1895), and Mem. ''Acad. Sci. Washington, lx. (1905); D. Sharp’s chapter in Cambridge'' ''Nat. Hist.'' vi. (London, 1898); G. F. Hampson, Moths of India (4 vols., London, 1892–1896), and Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae (1895) and onwards; S. H. Scudder, Butterflies of New England (3 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1888–1889); W. J. Holland, Butterfly Book (New York, 1899). Works on the British Lepidoptera are numerous, for example, those of H. T. Stainton (1851), C. G. Barrett (1893–1907), E. Meyrick (1895), and J. W. Tutt (1899 and onwards). For recent general systematic works, the student should consult the catalogues mentioned above and the Zoological Record. The writings of O. Staudinger, E. Schatz, C. Oberthür, K. Jordan, C. Aurivillius and P. Mabille may be specially mentioned.

 LEPIDUS, the name of a Roman patrician family in the Aemilian gens.

1., one of the three ambassadors sent to Egypt in 201 as guardians of the infant king Ptolemy V. He was consul in 187 and 175, censor 179, pontifex maximus from 180 onwards, and was six times chosen by the censors princeps senatus. He died in 152. He distinguished himself in the war with Antiochus III. of Syria, and against the Ligurians. He made the Via Aemilia from Ariminum to Placentia, and led colonies to Mutina and Parma.

2., surnamed (probably from his personal appearance), consul 137  Being sent to Spain to conduct the Numantine war, he began against the will of the senate to attack the Vaccaei. This enterprise was so unsuccessful that he was deprived of his command in 136 and condemned to pay a fine. He was among the greatest of the earlier Roman orators, and Cicero praises him for having