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 with wash-leather for piano effects. The peal was unique at the time it was made for the Golden Legend, but a smaller bell of the same shape, in. thick, with a diameter measuring about 16 in., specially made for the performance of Liszt’s St Elizabeth, when conducted by the composer in London, evidently suggested the idea for the peal.

GLOGAU, a fortified town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, 59 m. N.W. from Breslau, on the railway to Frankfort-on-Oder. Pop. (1905) 23,461. It is built partly on an island and partly on the left bank of the Oder; and owing to the fortified enceinte having been pushed farther afield, new quarters have been opened up. Among its most important buildings are the cathedral, in the Gothic, and a castle (now used as a courthouse), in the Renaissance style, two other Roman Catholic and three Protestant churches, a new town-hall, a synagogue, a military hospital, two classical schools (Gymnasien) and several libraries. Owing to its situation on a navigable river and at the junction of several lines of railway, Glogau carries on an extensive trade, which is fostered by a variety of local industries, embracing machinery-building, tobacco, beer, oil, sugar and vinegar. It has also extensive lithographic works, and its wool market is celebrated.

In the beginning of the 11th century Glogau, even then a populous and fortified town, was able to withstand a regular siege by the emperor Henry V.; but in 1157 the duke of Silesia, finding he could not hold out against Frederick Barbarossa, set it on fire. In 1252 the town, which had been raised from its ashes by Henry I., the Bearded, became the capital of a principality of Glogau, and in 1482 town and district were united to the Bohemian crown. In the course of the Thirty Years’ War Glogau suffered greatly. The inhabitants, who had become Protestants soon after the Reformation, were dragooned into conformity by Wallenstein’s soldiery; and the Jesuits received permission to build themselves a church and a college. Captured by the Protestants in 1632, and recovered by the Imperialists in 1633, the town was again captured by the Swedes in 1642, and continued in Protestant hands till the peace of Westphalia in 1648, when the emperor recovered it. In 1741 the Prussians took the place by storm, and during the Seven Years’ War it formed an important centre of operations for the Prussian forces. After the battle of Jena (1806) it fell into the hands of the French; and was gallantly held by Laplane, against the Russian and Prussian besiegers, after the battle of Katzbach in August 1813 until the 17th of the following April.

See Minsberg, Geschichte der Stadt und Festung Glogau’s (2 vols., Glogau, 1853); and H. von Below, Zur Geschichte des Jahres 1806. Glogau’s Belagerung und Verteidigung (Berlin, 1893).

GLORIOSA, in botany, a small genus of plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceae, native of tropical Asia and Africa. They are bulbous plants, the slender stems of which support themselves by tendril-like prolongations of the tips of some of the narrow generally lanceolate leaves. The flowers, which are borne in the leaf-axils at the ends of the stem, are very handsome, the six, generally narrow, petals are bent back and stand erect, and are a rich orange yellow or red in colour; the six stamens project more or less horizontally from the place of insertion of the petals. They are generally grown in cultivation as stove-plants.

GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr.  ), a synonym for fame, renown, honour, and thus used of anything which reflects honour and renown on its possessor. In the phrase “glory of God” the word implies both the honour due to the Creator, and His majesty and effulgence. In liturgies of the Christian Church are the Gloria Patri, the doxology beginning “Glory be to the Father,” the response Gloria tibi, Domine, “Glory be to Thee, O Lord,” sung or said after the giving out of the Gospel for the day, and the Gloria in excelsis, “Glory be to God on high,” sung during the Mass and Communion service. A “glory” is the term often used as synonymous with halo, nimbus or (q.v.) for the ring of light encircling the head or figure in a pictorial or other representation of sacred persons.

GLOSS, GLOSSARY, &c. The Greek word  (whence our “gloss”), meaning originally a tongue, then a language or dialect, gradually came to denote any obsolete, foreign, provincial, technical or otherwise peculiar word or use of a word (see Arist. Rhet. iii. 3. 2). The making of collections and explanations of such  was at a comparatively early date a well-recognized form of literary activity. Even in the 5th century, among the many writings of Abdera was included a treatise entitled . It was not, however, until the Alexandrian period that the , glossographers (writers of glosses), or glossators, became numerous. Of many of these perhaps even the names have perished; but Athenaeus the grammarian alone (c. 250) alludes to no fewer than thirty-five. Among the earliest was Philetas of Cos (d. c. 290 ), the elegiac poet, to whom Aristarchus dedicated the treatise  ; he was the compiler of a lexicographical work, arranged probably according to subjects, and entitled  or  (sometimes  ). Next came his disciple Zenodotus of Ephesus (c. 280 ), one of the earliest of the Homeric critics and the compiler of  ; Zenodotus in turn was succeeded by his greater pupil Aristophanes of Byzantium (c. 200 ), whose great compilation  (still partially preserved in that of Pollux), is known to have included , and the like. From the school of Aristophanes issued more than one glossographer of name,—Diodorus, Artemidorus (, and a collection of ), Nicander of Colophon (, of which some twenty-six fragments still survive), and Aristarchus (c. 210 ), the famous critic, whose numerous labours included an arrangement of the Homeric vocabulary in the order of the books. Contemporary with the last named was Crates of Mallus, who, besides making some new contributions to Greek lexicography and dialectology, was the first to create at Rome a taste for similar investigations in connexion with the Latin idioms. From his school proceeded Zenodotus of Mallus, the compiler of or  , a work said to have been designed chiefly to support the views of the school of Pergamum as to the allegorical interpretation of Homer. Of later date were Didymus (Chalcenterus, c. 50 ), who made collections of <span title="lexeis tragôdoumenai kômikai">, &c.; Apollonius Sophista (c. 20 ), whose Homeric Lexicon has come down to modern times; and Neoptolemus, known distinctively as <span title="ho glôssographos">. In the beginning of the 1st century of the Christian era Apion, a grammarian and rhetorician at Rome during the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius, followed up the labours of Aristarchus and other predecessors with <span title="Glôssai Homêrikai"> , and a treatise <span title="Peri tês Hrômaïkês dialekton"> ; Heliodorus or Herodorus was another almost contemporary glossographer; Erotian also, during the reign of Nero, prepared a special glossary for the writings of Hippocrates, still preserved. To this period also Pamphilus, the author of the <span title="Leimôn">, from which Diogenian and Julius Vestinus afterwards drew so largely, most probably belonged. In the following century one of the most prominent workers in this department of literature was Aelius Herodianus, whose treatise <span title="Peri monêrous lexeôs"> has been edited in modern times, and whose we still possess in an abridgment; also Pollux, Diogenian (<span title="Lexis pantodapê"> ), Julius Vestinus (<span title="’Epitomê tôn Pamphilou glôssôn"> ) and especially Phrynichus, who flourished towards the close of the 2nd century, and whose Eclogae nominum et verborum Atticorum has frequently been edited. To the 4th century belongs Ammonius of Alexandria (c. 389), who wrote <span title="Peri Homoiôn kai diaphorôn lexeôn">, a dictionary of words used in senses different from those in which they had