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 Antropologia della stirpe camitica (Turin, 1897);
 * J. Deniker, “Distribution géogr. et caractères physiques des Pygmées africains,” La Géographie, Paris, vol. viii. pp. 213-220;
 * G. W. Stow and G. M. Theal, The Native Races of South Africa (1905);
 * K. Barthel, Völkerbewegungen auf der Südhälfte des afrik. Kontinents (Leipzig, 1893);
 * A. B. Ellis, The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast (1887);
 * Idem, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (1890);
 * Idem, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (1894);
 * H. Ling Roth, Great Benin, its Customs, &c. (Halifax, 1903);
 * H. Frobenius, Die Heiden-Neger des ägyptischen Sudan (Berlin, 1893);
 * Herbert Spencer and D. Duncan, Descriptive Sociology, vol. iv. African Races (1875);
 * A. de Préville, Les Sociétés africaines (Paris, 1894);
 * D. Macdonald, Africana or, the Heart of Heathen Africa, 2 vols. (1882);
 * L. Frobenius, Der Ursprung der afrikanischen Kulturen (Der Ursprung der Kultur, Band i.) (Berlin, 1898);
 * Idem, “Die Masken und Geheimbunde Afrikas,” Abhandl. Kaiserl. Leopoldin.-Carolin. Deuts. Akad. Naturforscher, 1899, 1-278;
 * G. Schweinfurth, Artes africanae: Illustrations and Descriptions of . . . industrial Arts, &c. (in German and English) (Leipzig, 1875);
 * F. Ratzel, Die afrikanischen Bögen . . . eine anthrop.-geographische Studie (Leipzig, 1891);
 * K. Weule, Der afrikanische Pfeil (Leipzig, 1899);
 * H. Frobenius, Afrikanische Bautypen (Dauchau bei München, 1894);
 * H. Schurtz, Die afrikan. Gewerbe (Leipzig, 1900);
 * E. W. Blyden, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (1887);
 * James Stewart, Dawn in the Dark Continent, or Africa and its Missions (Edinburgh and London, 1903);
 * W. H. J. Bleek, Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, 2 parts (1862–1869);
 * Idem, Vocabularies of the Districts of Lourenzo Marques, &c., &c. (1900);
 * R. N. Cust, Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa, 2 vols. (1993);
 * F. W. Kolbe, A Language Study based on Bantu (1888);
 * J. T. Last, Polyglotta Africana orientalis (1885);
 * J. Torrend, Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu Languages (1891);
 * S. W. Koelle, Polyglotta Africana (1854);
 * C. Velten, Schilderungen der Suaheli von Expeditionen v. Wissmanns, &c., &c. (1901) (narratives taken down from the mouths of natives);
 * A. Vierkandt, Volksgedichte im westlichen Central-Afrika (Leipzig, 1895).

For latest information the following periodicals should be consulted:—
 * Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland&#8202;; Man (same publishers);
 * Zeitschrift f. Ethnologie;
 * Archiv f. Anthropologie;
 * L’Anthropologie.

§ IV. Archaeology and Art.—
 * Publications of the Egyptian Exploration Fund;
 * A. Mariette-Bey, The Monuments of Upper Egypt (1890);
 * H. Brugsch, Die Ägyptologie (Leipzig, 1891);
 * G. Maspero, L’ Ärchéologie égyptienne (Paris, 1890?);
 * R. Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien . . ., 6 vols. (Berlin, 1849–1859);
 * G. A. Hoskins, Travels in Ethiopia . . . illustrating the Antiquities of the Ancient Kingdom of Meroe (1835);
 * Records of the Past: being English Translations of . . . Egyptian Monuments, vols. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 (1873–1881);
 * Ditto, new series, 6 vols. (1890–1892);
 * D. Randall-MacIver and A. Wilkin, Libyan Notes (1901) (archaeology and ethnology of North Africa);
 * G. Boissier, L’Afrique romaine Promenades archéologiques en Algérie et en Tunisie, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1901);
 * H. Randall-MacIver, Mediaeval Rhodesia (1906);
 * Prisse d’Avennes, Histoire de l’art égyptien d’après les monuments, &c. with atlas (Paris, 1879);
 * G. Perrot and C. Chipiez, History of Art in Ancient Egypt, 2 vols. (1993);
 * H. Wallis, Egyptian Ceramic Art (1900);
 * C. H. Read and O. M. Dalton, Antiquities from the City of Benin and from other parts of West Africa (1899).

§ V. Travel and Exploration.—
 * Dean W. Vincent, The Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, vol. 2, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1807);
 * G. E. de Azurara, Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea (Eng. trans., 2 vols., 1896, 1899);
 * R. H. Major, Life of Prince Henry the Navigator (1868);
 * E. G. Ravenstein, “The Voyages of Diogo Cão and Barth. Diaz,” Geogr. Journ., Dec. 1900;
 * O. Hartig, “Ältere Entdeckungsgeschichte und Kartographie Afrikas,” Mitt. Geogr. Gesells. Wien, 1905;
 * J. Leyden and H. Murray, Historical Account of Discoveries, &c., 2 vols., 2nd ed. (1818);
 * T. E. Bowditch, Account of the Discoveries of the Portuguese in the Interior of Angola and Mozambique (1824);
 * P. Paulitschke, Die geogr. Forschung des afrikan. Continents (Vienna, 1880);
 * A. Supan, “Ein Jahrhundert der Afrika-Forschung,” Peterm. Mitt., 1888;
 * R. Brown, The Story of Africa and its Explorers, 4 vols. (1892–1895);
 * Sir Harry Johnston, The Nile Quest (1903);
 * James Bruce, Travels to discover the Source of the Nile in 1768–1773, 5 vols., Edinburgh (1790);
 * Proceedings of the Association for . . . Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa, 1790–1810;
 * Mungo Park, Travels into the Interior Districts of Africa (1799);
 * Idem, Journal of a Mission, &c. (1815);
 * Capt. J. K. Tuckey, Narrative of an Expedition to explore the River Zaire or Congo in 1816 (1818);
 * D. Denham and H. Clapperton, Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in N. and Cent. Africa (1826);
 * R. Caillié, Journal d’un voyage à Temboctu et à Jenné, 3 vols., Paris (1830);
 * D. Livingstone, Missionary Travels . . . in South Africa (1857);
 * The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, ed. H. Waller (1874);
 * H. Barth, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, 5 vols. (1857);
 * J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, &c., in Eastern Africa (1860);
 * Sir R. F. Burton, The Lake Regions of Central Africa, 2 vols. (1860);
 * J. H. Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1863);
 * Sir S. W. Baker, The Albert Nyanza, 2 vols. (1866);
 * G. Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, 2 vols. (1873);
 * V. L. Cameron, Across Africa, 2 vols. (1877);
 * T. Baines, The Gold Regions of South-Eastern Africa (1877);
 * Sir H. M. Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, 2 vols. (1878);
 * Idem, In Darkest Africa, 2 vols. (1890);
 * G. Nachtigal, Sahara und Sudan, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1879–1889);
 * P. S. de Brazza, Les Voyages de . . . (1875–1882), Paris, 1884;
 * J. Thomson, Through Masai Land (1885);
 * H. von Wissmann, Unter Deutscher Flagge quer durch Afrika, &c. (Berlin, 1889);
 * Idem, My Second Journey through Equatorial Africa (1891);
 * W. Junker, Travels in Africa 1875–1886, 3 vols. (1890–1892);
 * L. G. Binger, Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée, &c. (Paris, 1892);
 * O. Baumann, Durch Masailand zur Nilquelle (Berlin, 1894);
 * R. Kandt, Caput Nili (Berlin, 1904);
 * C. A. von Götzen, Durch Afrika von Ost nach West (Berlin, 1896);
 * L. Vanutelli and C. Citerni, Seconda spedizione Bòttego: L’Omo (Milan, 1899);
 * P. Foureau, D’Alger au Congo par le Tchad (Paris, 1902);
 * C. Lemaire, Mission scientifique du Ka-Tanga: Journal de route, 1 vol., Résultats des observations, 16 parts (Brussels, 1902);
 * A. St. H. Gibbons, Africa from South to North through Marotseland, 2 vols. (1904);
 * E. Lenfant, La Grande Route du Tchad (Paris, 1905);
 * Boyd Alexander, From the Niger to the Nile, 2 vols. (1907).

§ VI. Historical and Political.—
 * H. Schurtz, Africa (World’s History, vol. 3, part 3) (1903);
 * Sir H. H. Johnston, History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races (Cambridge, 1899) (reprint with additional chapter “Latest Developments,” 1905);
 * A. H. L. Heeren, Reflections on the Politics, Intercourse and Trade of the Ancient Nations of Africa, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1832);
 * G. Rawlinson, History of Ancient Egypt (1881);
 * A. Graham, Roman Africa (1902);
 * J. de Barros, Asia: Ira Decada, Lisbon (1552 and 1777–1778);
 * J. Strandes, Die Portugiesenzeit von . . . Ostafrika (Berlin, 1899);
 * R. Schück, Brandenburg-Preussens Kolonial-Politik . . . 1641–1721, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1889);
 * G. M‘Call Theal, History and Ethnography of Africa south of the Zambesi . . . to 1795, 3 vols. (1907–1910), and History of South Africa since September 1795 (to 1872) 5 vols. (1908);
 * Idem, Records of South-Eastern Africa, 9 vols., 1898–1903;
 * Lady Lugard, A Tropical Dependency: Outline of the History of the Western Sudan, &c. (1905);
 * Sir F. Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty, 3 vols. (3rd ed., 1909);
 * J . S. Keltie, The Partition of Africa, 2nd ed. (1895);
 * F. Van Ortroy, Conventions internationales définissant les limites . . . en Afrique (Brussels, 1898);
 * General Act of the Conference of Berlin, 1885;
 * The Surveys and Explorations of British Africa (Colonial Reports, No. 500) (1906), and annual reports thereafter;
 * Sir F. D. Lugard, The Rise of our East African Empire, 2 vols. (1893);
 * E. Petit, Les colonies françaises, 2 vols. (Paris, 1902–1904);
 * E. Rouard de Card, Les Traités de protectorat conclus par la France en Afrique, 1870–1895 (Paris, 1897);
 * A. J. de Araujo, Colonies portuguaises d’Afrique (Lisbon, 1900);
 * B. Trognitz, “Neue Arealbestimmung des Continents Afrika,” Petermanns Mitt., 1893, 220-221;
 * A. Supan, “Die Bevölkerung der Erde,” xii., Peterm. Mitt. Ergänzungsh. 146 (Gotha, 1904) (deals with areas as well as population).

§ VII. Commerce and Economics.—
 * A. Silva White, The Development of Africa, 2nd ed. (1892);
 * K. Dove, “Grundzüge einer Wirtschaftsgeographie Afrikas,” Geographische Zeitschrift, 1905, 1-18;
 * E. Hahn, “Die Stellung Afrikas in der Geschichte des Welthandels,” Verhandl. 11. Deutsch. Geographentags zu Bremen (Berlin, 1896);
 * L. de Launay, Les Richesses minérales de l’Afrique (Paris, 1903);
 * K. Futterer, Afrika in seiner Bedeutung für die Goldproduktion (Berlin, 1894);
 * P. Reichard, “Das afrikan. Elfenbein und sein Handel,” Deutsche geogr. Blätter (Bremen, 1889);
 * Sir A. Moloney, Sketch of the Forestry of West Africa (1887);
 * Dewèvre, “Les Caoutchoucs africains,” Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, 1895;
 * Sir T. F. Buxton, The African Slave Trade and its Remedy (1840);
 * C. M. A. Lavigerie, L’Esclavage africain (Paris, 1888);
 * E. de Renty, Les chemins de fer coloniaux en Afrique, 3 vols. (Paris, 1903–1905);
 * H. Meyer, Die Eisenbahnen im tropischen Afrika (Leipzig, 1902);
 * G. Grenfell, “The Upper Congo as a Waterway,” Geogr. Journ., Nov. 1902;
 * A. St. H. Gibbons, “The Nile and Zambezi Systems as Waterways,” Journ. R. Colon. Inst., 1901;
 * K. Lent, “Verkehrsmittel in Ostafrika,” Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 1894;
 * “Trade of the United Kingdom with the African Continent in 1898–1902,” Board of T. Journ., 1903;
 * Diplomatic and Consular Reports, Annual Series;
 * Colonial Reports;
 * T. H. Parke, Guide to Health in Africa (1893);
 * R. W. Felkin, Geographical Distribution of Tropical Diseases in Africa (1895).

The following bibliographies may also be consulted:
 * J. Gay, Bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs à l’Afrique, &c. (San Remo, 1875);
 * P. Paulitschke, Die Afrika-Literatur von 1500 bis 1750 (Vienne, 1882);
 * Catalogue of the Colonial Office Library, vol. 3, Africa (specially for government publications).

 AFRICA, ROMAN. The Romans gave the name of Africa to that part of the world which the Greeks called Libya ( ). It comprised the whole of the portion of the African continent known to the ancients, except Egypt and Ethiopia. But besides this general sense, which occurs in Pliny (iii. 3), Pomponius Mela (i. 8) and other authors, the official and administrative language used the word Africa in a narrower sense, which is noticed below. The term was certainly borrowed by the Romans from the language of the natives. In Latin literature it was employed for the first time by the poet Ennius, who wrote in the interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (Ann. vi.; Sat. iii.). By him the term was confined to the territory of