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4 The jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeals under 28 U. S. C. §1291 is limited to “appeals from … final decisions of the district courts.” Interlocutory orders—those that do not dispose of the whole case, like denials of summary judgment—are typically not immediately appealable under §1291. Instead, the “general rule is that ‘a party is entitled to a single appeal, to be deferred until final judgment has been entered, in which claims of district court error at any stage of the litigation may be ventilated.’ ” Quackenbush v. ''Allstate Ins. Co.'', 517 U. S. 706, 712 (1996); see also 15A C. Wright, A. Miller, & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure §3905.1 (3d ed. 2022) (generally, “an appeal from final judgment opens the record and permits review of all rulings that led up to the judgment”).

Some interlocutory district-court rulings, however, are unreviewable after final judgment because they are