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 b)In all other tenses the impersonal form is identical with the third person singular of the auxiliary:

4.tener, which means "have" in the sense of "possess", used with expresses a strong obligation equivalent to English "have to, must":

a)hay que is substituted for tener que in impersonal constructions and is translated into English as "must, it's necessary":

b)tener as used in many idioms is translated "be" in English. In such cases the Spanish adjective mucho is rendered in English by the adverb "very":

5.The pronoun "it", which is used in the impersonal construction in English, is never required in Spanish:

6.hacer is used impersonally in expressions of weather:

a) que, que, and hace (hacía) preceded by desde may be used to indicate time elapsed:

Two or more words may be combined into groups of words, or phrases, which are used in sentences to take the place of, and fulfill the functions of, the various parts of speech. In this section we shall list the main types of phrases which occur in Spanish, according to the parts of speech whose place they take. We shall use the term head to refer to the central word of the phrase, and modifier to refer to a word modifying the head: thus, in English "good boy", the noun "boy" is the head of the phrase and "good" is a modifier.

2.0Universal phrase types are such as occur with all parts of speech. In them two or more heads, usually belonging to the same part of speech, are