Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/241

 stem [žg-] жечь "to burn," жгу, жжёт [žjot], imv жги, p жёг, жгла, жгло, жгли, сожжённый stem [pjok-] печь "to bake," пеку, печёт, p пёк, пекла пекло, пекли, печённый stem [tjor-] тереть "to rub," тру, трёт, imv три, p тёр, тёрла, тёрло, тёрли, тёртый stem [njos-] нести "to carry," несу, несёт, imv неси, p нёс, несла, несло, несли, понесённый stem [vjoz] везти [vjistji] "to cart," везу, везёт, p вёз, везла, везло, везли, повезённый

The stem [id-] has p forms from a stem [šd-]: итти or идти [itjf] "to be going," иду, идёт, imv иди, p шёл, шла, шло, шли, pap шедший. After preverbs the stem is [yd-]: войти "to go in," войду, войдёт, imv войди, p вошёл, вошла, вошло, вошли, pap вошедший.

Some verbs in -нуть go by Class Three but drop [nu] in the p forms, гаснуть "to be extinguished," гасну, гаснет, p гас, гасла, гасло, гасли.  

Irregularities of more special kinds are mentioned in the dictionary. For instance, стоять "to stand," стою, стоит optionally draws back the stress in the prger стоя; ехать "to be riding," еду, едет, and all its compounds lack an imv form; this is supplied from -езжать (used in compounds only): поезжай "drive"; уехать "to depart," уеду, уедет, but imv уезжай. When the dictionary cites irregular forms between slanted lines, this means that the regular forms are also used.  

Russian verbs are divided into durative (dur, or imperfective) and punctual (pct, or perfective); each verb has one or the other of these two aspects.

Dur verbs are more general in their meaning, which is two-fold: actual and iterative (iter).

The actual durative means an action which covers a stretch of time during which other things may happen: я писал письмо. "I was writing a letter" (as, "when someone knocked at the door"). It means also actions which cover an appreciable stretcb of time: он жил в Москве "he lived in Moscow," как вы спали? "how did you sleep?"

The iterative durative means a repeated, habitual, or general action or a complex action (moving in more than one direction, back and forth, or the like): я часто писал "I often wrote," вы ему писали? "have you ever written to him?" он пишет хорошо "he writes well."

Most dur verbs are used in both actual and iterative meanings, but some verbs of motion have by their side a special iterative verb. Thus, итти "to be going" is used only in actual meaning: куда вы идёте? "where are you going?" я иду в театр "I'm going to the theater"; the iter is ходить, as я ходил по улицам "I walked along the streets" (in more than one direction); я часто хожу в театр "I often go to the theater." The dictionary, for a verb like итти, adds between slanted lines/ iter: ходить/; a verb like ходить is described as iter of итти.

The pr of durative verb is the only verb form that states an action in present time. A future action of a dur verb is expressed by a combination of a pct present, usually буду, будет, with the dur inf: я буду писать "I shall be writing; I shall write (repeatedly)." A few dur verbs also have future meaning in the pr form: сегодня вечером мы идё в театр "this evening we're going to the theater."

Punctual verbs are more specialized in meaning. They denote a simple action which comes to an end, without regard to any time covered or any repetition: я написал письмо "I wrote (or have written) a letter"; вы ему написал? "have you written to him (now)?" он пошёл в театр "he went to the theater." The pr forms of pct verbs mean a simple future action: я ему напишу "I'll write to him," я напишу письмо "I'll write a letter."

Nearly all simple verbs are dur: писать "to write," спать "to sleep." Compounds of a simple verb with a preverb are pct: подписать "to describe," выписать "to copy out."

Some few simple verbs are pct; for instance, дать "to give," бросить "to throw," and a number in -нуть meaning a single stroke of action: стукнуть "to give a knock." These, like all other pct verbs, are marked pct in the dictionary; any verb not marked as pct in the dictionary is dur.

In most, but not all instances, there are pairs of verbs, one dur and one pct, which differ only in aspect, and otherwise have quite the same meaning. Among the compounds of a simple dur verb there is often such a pct verb; most usually it is formed with the preverb по-, as терять "to lose" pct потерять. If a simple dur verb has no such pct verb by its side, or if this pct verb is made with по-, the dictionary makes no comment: спать "to sleep" (no corresponding pct), думать "to think" (a pct is made with по-). Under the pct verb reference is made to the dur: подумать (pct. of думать).

Many simple 'dur of verbs have an exactly corresponding pct compound with some preverb other than по-; for these pairs the dictionary makes cross-references: писать "to write" (pct: на-); делать "to do, to make" (pct: с-) and написать; pct of писать; сделать; pct of делать. Some simple dur verbs have a corresponding simple pct verb: давать "to give" (pct: дать); стучать "to knock" (pct: стукнуть). Here too the dictionary gives cross-references.

Most pct compounds of simple verbs differ in meaning, beyond the mere difference of aspect, from the simple dur verb; as подписать "to sign" differs from писать "to write." Almost always there is then a compound durative verb, witch consists of a longer stem (the compound durative stem) with the same preverb. Thus, the compounding durative stem of писать is -писывать, used in forming подписывать "to sign," dur of подписать. Thus on says я подпишу письмо "I'll sign the letter," but я подписываюю письма "I sign (or am signing) the letters." Similarly, compound duratives приписывать "to prescribe," выписывать "to copy out," and so on.

Most compounding duratives are regular verbs, made from the inf stem of the simple verb suffixes [-va, -ja, -a, -iva], разбить pct "to smash," dur разбивать; измерить pct "to measure out," dur измерять. There are only a few irregular compounding duratives, as итти, -ходить (same as the iterative): войти pct "to go in," dur входить. 