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 pecuniary anxiety, and began at the age of sixty-nine what he described as his life-work, the ‘Vindication of Phrenology.’ While revising the completed manuscript he died suddenly at his residence, The Grange, Neasden, on 28 Nov. 1892.

On 21 Dec. 1859 he married Alice, eldest daughter of Joseph Baker, surveyor, of Birmingham.

Williams, who was elected a fellow of the Chemical Society on 18 May 1857, and of the Royal Astronomical Society on 14 June 1872, was author of: 1. ‘Who should teach Christianity to Children?’ Edinburgh, 1853, 8vo. 2. ‘Through Norway with a Knapsack,’ London, 1859, 8vo, 2 edits.; new edit. 1876. 3. ‘A Vindication of Garibaldi,’ London, 1862, 8vo. 4. ‘The Intellectual Destiny of the Working Man,’ Birmingham, 1863, 8vo. 5. ‘Shorthand for Everybody,’ London, 1867, 8vo. 6. ‘The Fuel of the Sun,’ London, 1870, 8vo. 7. ‘Through Norway with Ladies,’ London, 1877, 8vo. 8. ‘A Simple Treatise on Heat,’ London, 1880, 8vo. 9. ‘Science in Short Chapters,’ London, 1882, 8vo. 10. ‘The Science of Cookery,’ London, 1884, 8vo, for the International Health Exhibition. 11. ‘The Chemistry of Cookery,’ London, 1885, 8vo. 12. ‘The Chemistry of Iron and Steel Making,’ London, 1890, 8vo. 13. ‘The Philosophy of Clothing,’ London, 1890, 8vo. 14. ‘A Vindication of Phrenology,’ London, 1894, 8vo. He edited Mrs. R. B. Taylor's ‘A B C of Chemistry’ in 1873, and wrote articles on ‘Iron and Steel,’ ‘Explosive Compounds,’ and ‘Oils and Candles’ for Bevan's ‘British Manufacturing Industries’ in 1876. He also contributed the ‘Science Notes’ to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ from 1880 to 1889, and some twenty-five or more papers on various scientific subjects to different journals of learned societies.

[Memoir prefixed to the Vindication of Phrenology, by his son, George Combe Williams, who kindly supplied further information; Monthly Notices of the Roy. Astronom. Soc. liii. 224; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Roy. Soc. Cat.]  WILLIAMS, WILLIAM PEERE (1664–1736), law reporter, only son of Peere Williams of Gray's Inn (admitted 14 Aug. 1635), clerk of the estreats 1652–79, by his wife Joanna (born Oyley), a Dutchwoman, was born in 1664. The seat of his ancestors is said to have been Denton, Lincolnshire, but his grandfather, Anthony Williams, was of St. James's, Clerkenwell. He was admitted on 14 Sept. 1680 student at Gray's Inn, and was there called to the bar on 11 Nov. 1687. He established a considerable chancery practice, and was one of the counsel assigned for the defence of the Jacobite rebel, George Seton, fifth earl of Winton [q. v.], on his impeachment in 1716. He delivered an elaborate argument in arrest of judgment (19 March), on the ground that the impeachment was void by reason of vagueness (see, State Trials, xv. 879 et seq.) He represented Bishop's Castle, Shropshire, in the parliament of 1722–7. He purchased in 1722 the manor of Northall, Middlesex. At his death, 10 June 1736, he was owner of Grey Friars, Chichester, probably also of an estate at Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, in the church of which parish his remains were interred. By his wife Anne, second daughter of Sir George Hutchins [q. v.], he had issue four sons and two daughters.

Williams's eldest son, Sir Hutchins Williams, bart. (so created on 4 April 1747), died on 4 Nov. 1758, leaving, by his wife Judith (m. 1726), daughter of James Booth of Theobalds, Hertfordshire, two sons—Sir William Peere Williams, bart., M.P. for New Shoreham, Sussex, 1758–61, whose premature death without issue in the operations against Belle Ile in the latter year was mourned by Gray in an epitaph still to be seen in the church of Le Palais (Works, ed. Mathias, i. 56); and Sir Booth Williams, bart., on whose death on 2 Feb. 1784 the baronetcy became extinct. The reporter's second son, Frederick Williams, rector of Peakirk, Northamptonshire, was father of Admiral Peere Williams, afterwards Williams-Freeman (1742–1832) [q. v.] The fourth son, George James [q. v.], familiarly known as ‘Gilly,’ Williams, is noticed separately. A daughter, Anne, married George Speke of White Lackington [see ], and had a daughter, Anne, who married on 20 Nov. 1756, Lord North, famous as George III's minister.

Peere Williams collaborated with William Melmoth in the edition of Vernon's ‘Reports’ published at London in 1726–8 [see, 1654–1721]. For the blemishes in this work he was probably not responsible. He was himself a singularly faithful and judicious reporter, and, labouring assiduously throughout the greater portion of his professional life, left in manuscript a rich repertory of case law illustrative of the period of Somers, Wright, Harcourt, Macclesfield, and Talbot. The bulk of the collection appeared at London in 1740 (2 vols. fol.; 2nd edit. 1746). A third volume was added in 1749. All three volumes were edited by Peere Williams, jun., under the title, ‘Reports of Cases argued and determined in the High Court of