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 James Clerk Maxwell, pp. 47–8, 66–7, 578; Lord Cockburn's Memorials of his Time, i. 414, and Life of Jeffrey, i. 305; Knight's Principal Shairp and his Friends, p. 9; Letters and Memorials of Jane Welch Carlyle, ed. Froude, iii. 55; Annual Reports of the Edinburgh Academy (kindly lent by the former rector, R. J. Mackenzie, esq.), especially Reports for 1847; Edinburgh Academy Chronicle for July 1894 (personal recollections by Dr. James Macaulay) and July 1896 (commemoration dinner); Fergusson's Chronicles of the Cumming Club and Memories of Old Academy Days, 1841–6; minutes and other manuscript records relating to the Welsh Collegiate Institution, Llandovery (in possession of the secretary to the trustees); papers relating to the same, collected by William Rees of Tonn (one of the trustees), now preserved at Cardiff Free Library; Weekly Mail (Cardiff), 3 Oct. 1896, and Western Mail, 28 July 1898 (with portrait); Life of Dr. Rowland Williams; Yr Haul (church monthly published at Llandovery), 1848–52; Foulkes's Enwogion Cymru, p. 1105; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.; Gwyddoniadur Cymreig (Encyclopædia Cambrensis), x. 253–8; Enwogion Ceredigion (Gwynionydd), pp, 17, 152–7; information kindly supplied by Robert Cunliffe, esq. (son-in-law), by Professor Lewis Campbell, and other old pupils of Williams, both at Edinburgh and Llandovery.] 

WILLIAMS, JOHN (1811–1862), Welsh antiquary, known in bardic circles as ‘Ab Ithel,’ a name which in later life he appended to his surname, was the son of Roger Williams (son of William Bethell or Ab Ithel) of Ty Nant, Llan Gynhafal, Denbighshire, and Elizabeth his wife. He received his early education in Ruthin grammar school, and on 15 March 1832, at the age of twenty, matriculated at Oxford from Jesus College. He graduated B.A. in 1835, and on 19 July of that year was ordained deacon, and priest on 1 May 1836. He was at the time a curate in the parish of Llanfor, with special charge of the new church of Holy Trinity, Rhos y Gwaliau, and when in 1839 a separate endowment was provided for this church, he became its first incumbent. In 1838 he graduated M.A. From 1843 to 1849 he was perpetual curate of Nerquis, near Mold; in the latter year he received the rectory of Llan ym Mowddwy, where he remained until 1862. In that year the rectory of Llan Enddwyn, with the perpetual curacy of Llan Ddwywe, near Barmouth, was given to him; but on 27 Aug., very shortly after moving to his new home, he died. He was buried at Llan Ddwywe. On 11 July he married Elizabeth, daughter of Owen Lloyd Williams of Dolgelly.

From his youth he was keenly interested in Welsh historical studies, and the Welsh ‘tract,’ afterwards translated into English, which he published at Bala in 1836 under the title ‘Eglwys Loegr yn Anymddibynol ar Eglwys Rufain’ (‘The Church of England independent of the Church of Rome’) was the first of a long succession of works of a like character. In 1841 he won a prize at Swansea eisteddfod for an essay, published in 1842, on the human sacrifices of the Druids. These earlier efforts were embodied in 1844 in ‘Ecclesiastical Antiquities of the Cymry,’ London; second edition in 1854. Ab Ithel, as he had now begun to style himself, was an active opponent of the scheme for the union of the bishoprics of Bangor and St. Asaph, and was thus brought into association with [q. v.] The two issued in January 1846 the first number of ‘Archæologia Cambrensis,’ a quarterly journal devoted to Welsh antiquities, and before the end of the year succeeded in forming the Cambrian Archæological Association, which took over the new journal and appointed Williams and Jones joint editors. Ab Ithel was a constant contributor to the early volumes, and many of his papers were separately issued, e.g. the account of Valle Crucis (Tenby, 1846), the essay on Druidic stones (Tenby, 1850), and the glossary of terms used for articles of British dress and armour (Tenby, 1851). In 1851 he became sole editor; this office he resigned, however, at the end of 1853, and in 1854 he established the Cambrian Institute and started the ‘Cambrian Journal,’ which he edited until his death. The control of the older association had passed to men who had no sympathy with his uncritical methods and perfervid patriotism. In 1852 he published an edition of the ‘Gododin’ (Llandovery), with a translation, introduction, and notes. Another Welsh association, the Welsh Manuscripts Society, appointed him one of its editors, and under its auspices he published at Llandovery in 1856 ‘Dosparth Edeyrn Davod Aur,’ a mediæval Welsh grammar. At the Llangollen eisteddfod of 1858, of which he was one of the chief organisers, he won a prize for the best essay on Welsh bardic lore; this was published by the Welsh Manuscripts Society under the title of ‘Barddas’ (Llandovery, 1862), though in an incomplete form, the second volume not appearing until 1874. Ab Ithel was also the editor of the society's volume on the physicians of Myddfai (Llandovery, 1861), though his part in this was small. Other works from his unwearying hand were ‘The Holy Oblation’ (1848), ‘Easy Catechisms on the Creed’ (1848), ‘Crwydriadau yr Hen Wr’ (1849), ‘Cloch y Llan’ (1854), ‘Brwydr yr