Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 58.djvu/387

Vivian the original Latin into French, German, Spanish, and Italian. The following translations appeared in English: 1. ‘An Introduction to Wysdome …,’ translated by Sir Richard Morison [q. v.], London, 1540, 8vo; other editions 1540? and 1544. 2. ‘A very frutefull and pleasant boke, called the instructiõ of a christen womã …,’ translated by R. Hyrd,’ London, 1540, 4to; other editions 1540? 1541, 1557, and 1592. 3. ‘A Short Summary of Aristotle's Philosophy by J. L. V.’ London, 1540 (?), 4to. 4. ‘The office and duetie of an husband …,’ translated by Thomas Paynell [q. v.], London, 1550 (?), 8vo. 5. ‘St. Augustine of the Citie of God; with the learned comments of J. L. V.’ London, 1610, fol.; another edition, 1620. 6. ‘Tudor School Boy Life,’ London, 1908, a translation by Foster Watson of Vives's ‘Linguae Latinae Exercitatio’ (1539).

[‘Vita’ by Majan, prefixed to his edition of Vives; Letters of Erasmus; Tapia, Historia de la Civilizacion Española, iii. 203; and other sources referred to above.] 

VIVIAN, HENRY HUSSEY, first  (1821–1894), born at Singleton on 6 July 1821, was eldest son of John Henry Vivian of Singleton, Glamorganshire, a merchant engaged in copper smelting, who was M.P. for Swansea from 1832 till his death in 1855, by his wife Sarah, eldest daughter of Arthur Jones of the Priory, Reigate. Sir Richard Hussey Vivian, first baron Vivian [q. v.], was his uncle. He was elected to Eton in 1835 (, Eton Lists), and in 1838 went to the continent, where he studied metallurgy for two years in Germany and France. In 1840 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1842 he undertook the management of the Liverpool branch of the firm of Vivian & Sons, of which he became a partner. In 1845 he removed to Swansea, where he managed the Hafod smelting works under his father. Upon his father's death in 1855 he took control of the works, and greatly developed them. When he succeeded to the management the main work was the smelting of copper. Vivian applied the stores of metallurgical knowledge he had acquired on the continent, and obtained numerous by-products from the mineral. Under his influence Swansea became ‘the metallurgical centre of the world.’ Soon after becoming a partner he introduced the manufacture of spelter or zinc, for which he took out a patent (No. 9591) on 14 Jan. 1843. In 1850 he introduced the extraction of gold by Plattner's process, and in 1855 commenced the production of nickel and cobalt, in connection with which he had taken out a patent (No. 13800) on 4 Nov. 1851. On 23 June 1856 he obtained a patent (No. 1473) for extracting gold and silver from ores employed in the manufacture of copper, and on 16 April 1869 another (No. 962) for smelting copper. In 1864 he began to obtain sulphuric acid from copper smoke, and in 1871 erected works at White Rock, near Swansea, to treat poor silver-lead ores. On 12 Feb. 1883 the business was registered as a limited liability company under the style of H. H. Vivian & Company, Limited. Vivian was chairman, and to the last almost solely controlled the enormous business. The company was reconstructed in 1897.

A man of remarkable energy and business capacity, Vivian threw himself with ardour into the administration of the business of the county. He was the first chairman of the Glamorgan county council from 1889 till his death. He long occupied a commanding position in South Wales. After the coal strike in South Wales in 1889, he originated the celebrated sliding scale that has since formed an important basis for settling disputes between masters and men. He played an active part in extending the harbour resources of Swansea, and he was one of the chief promoters of the Rhondda and Swansea Bay railway, by means of which coal was brought direct from the great Rhondda Valley and shipped at Swansea.

As a liberal he long sat in parliament. He was M.P. for Truro from 1852 to 1857, in which year he was elected for Glamorganshire, and he was again returned at every successive election until 1885. He was raised to the dignity of a baronet on 13 May 1882, on Gladstone's recommendation. In consequence of the changes made by the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, he was chosen the member for Swansea district without opposition in November of that year. He was again elected in 1886 and 1892, but on 9 June 1893 was elevated to the peerage as Baron Swansea. Although a staunch member of the church of England, Swansea throughout his career voted in favour of disestablishment in Wales. A devoted admirer of Gladstone's policy, he followed his leader with unquestioning fidelity, and sided with him in favour of home rule. Throughout his long parliamentary career he was a frequent speaker in the House of Commons.

Swansea was a fellow of the Geological Society, and was author of ‘Notes of a Tour in America,’ 1878. He died suddenly at his seat at Singleton on 28 Nov. 1894, and was buried on 3 Dec. in Sketty churchyard. His statue was erected at Swansea in 1886.

Swansea was married three times: first,