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 the school of Voltaire, and he now showed himself completely impervious to the new German criticism. He had been greatly shocked in 1830 by Milman's lax views as regards miracles in the ‘History of the Jews.’ Milman retorted that he should have valued Turner's opinion more highly twenty years ago.

Turner issued a couple of small pamphlets in 1813 advocating the modification of the Copyright Act of Anne, and in 1819 he published a volume of verse entitled ‘Prolusions on the present Greatness of Britain and on Modern Poetry’ (London, 12mo), which does honour to his patriotic sentiments. His remaining essay in verse, which he was busy in elaborating between 1792 and 1838, was a dismally long and half-hearted kind of apology for ‘Richard the Third,’ which was judiciously rejected by Murray, but eventually printed by Longman in 1845. The fact recorded by Jerdan that Turner was a constant friend and patron of the Rev. Robert Montgomery (best known as ‘Satan’ Montgomery) receives corroboration from this ‘epic.’

Of greater literary interest was Turner's intimate business association with (1778–1843) [q. v.] Murray consulted him frequently on legal questions touching literary property, and more particularly in connection with the literary outlaw ‘Don Juan,’ from whom it was feared the British law would withhold the protection of copyright. Turner's services as a solicitor were also of value in steering the newly launched ‘Quarterly’ into a safe channel and averting the perils of libel actions. He deprecated attempts to emulate the smart severity of the ‘Edinburgh,’ and enunciated the principle that ‘harmless inoffensive work’ should be compassionately treated. He himself contributed two or three articles to the early numbers. In 1843 Turner suffered a great blow from the loss of his wife, a lady whom John Murray met in 1807 with the reputation of being ‘one of the Godwin school.’ ‘If,’ he says, ‘they all be as beautiful, accomplished, and agreeable as this lady, they must be a deuced dangerous set indeed.’ Early in 1847 he returned to London, and he died under his son's roof in Red Lion Square on 13 Feb. 1847. Turner, who was an F.S.A. and an associate of the Royal Society of Literature, had been in receipt of a civil list pension (of 300l.) since 1835. His youngest son, Sydney, is briefly noticed below; his third daughter, Mary (d. 1870), married William Ellis (1800–1881) [q. v.] Turner was intimate with Isaac Disraeli, and godfather of his son Benjamin.

Turner's Anglo-Saxon work stands in something of the same relation to the revival of the study in history as Horace Walpole's ‘castle’ at Strawberry Hill to the later revival of Gothic architecture. His critical power was perhaps defective, but it must not be forgotten that his work first occupied a great field. He not only felt an enthusiasm for the subject, but had a genuine power of presentation (his weakness for the complicated sentence having been much exaggerated); and, in addition to the respect of scholars such as Hallam and Southey, he won the abiding interest of Scott, and later of Tennyson. Reference is sparingly made to his work at the present day, but it may well be doubted whether the advance which he made upon Hume was not greater than that made upon his ‘History’ in the works of Thorpe and Lappenberg, Palgrave and Kemble.

The historian's youngest son, (1814–1879), born in 1814, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he graduated B.A. as eighteenth wrangler in 1836. He was ordained two years later by the bishop of Winchester, and held for some years the curacy of Christ Church, Southwark, after which he became head of the reformatory school of the Philanthropic Society at Red Hill. He rapidly identified himself with a zealous attempt to ameliorate the sternly repressive treatment meted out to juvenile offenders, and published in 1855 an optimistic pamphlet upon ‘Reformatory Schools’ which had a wide circulation. In 1857 he was appointed inspector of reformatories in England and Scotland, a position which he retained down to the close of 1875, when he was nominated dean of Ripon. He resigned this post within a year of his appointment, and retired to the rectory of Hempsted in Gloucestershire, where he died on 26 June 1879 (Ann. Register, 1879; Times, 3 July 1879).



TURNER, THOMAS (1591–1672), dean of Canterbury, born at Reading in 1591, was the son of Thomas Turner of Heckfield in