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 were in answer to treatises of Henry Stebbing (1687–1763) [q. v.] and were caused by the passing of the marriage act of 1753. 6. ‘Academica. Part I. Several Discourses on Natural and Revealed Religion,’ 1759. 7. ‘Lectures on Natural and Revealed Religion read in the Chapel of St. John's College, Cambridge,’ 1765. They were published by subscription for the benefit of his family, and were edited by his brother-in-law, Frederick Dodsworth, afterwards canon of Windsor, who acted as a father to the children.

Tunstall gave critical annotations to the first edition of Duncombe's Horace, and obtained Warburton's notes on Hudibras for Zachary Grey. Letters from him to the second Earl of Oxford, Dr. Birch, and Zachary Grey are among the additional manuscripts at the British Museum (4253, 4300, and 23990 respectively). He was a friend and correspondent of Warburton (, Illustrations of Literature, ii. 106, 124–5, 129), and his letters to Grey are printed in that work (iii. 704–5, iv. 372–4). His other friends included Thomas Baker ‘Socius ejectus’ and John Byrom the poet. His library was sold in 1764, and 152 manuscript sermons by him passed to Sir Everard Home.

[Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. iii. 703; Nichols's Literary Anecd. ii. 166–70, iii. 668, v. 412–13; Byrom's Remains, II. i. 42; Notes and Queries, 8th ser. xi. 85, 131; Mayor's Baker, i. 304, 306, 329; Masters's Memoir of Baker, pp. 83, 114–115; Vicars of Rochdale (Chetham Soc. i. new ser.) pp. 182–97; Pigot's Hadleigh, pp. 211–212; Fishwick's Rochdale, pp. 237–8; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 318, iii. 614, iv. 372–4; Foster's Yorkshire Pedigrees, sub ‘Croft’ and ‘Dodsworth;’ information from Mr. R. F. Scott, St. John's Coll. Cambridge.] 

TUNSTALL, MARMADUKE (1743–1790), naturalist, born in 1743 at Burton Constable, Yorkshire, was second son of Cuthbert Constable (who had changed his name from Tunstall on inheriting property in 1718, and who died in 1747), by his second wife, Ely, daughter of George Heneage, of Hainton, Lincolnshire. He was educated at the college of Douai. In 1760 he succeeded to the family estates of Scargill, Hutton Long Villers, and Wycliffe by the death of his uncle, Marmaduke Tunstall, and resumed that family name. Of studious habits, he devoted himself to literature and science, and in 1764, when only twenty-one, was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. After finishing his education he resided for several years in Welbeck Street, London, and there began the formation of a museum. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 11 April 1771, and in the same year published anonymously his ‘Ornithologia Britannica’ (fol. London), a rare work, which has been reprinted by the Willughby Society.

In 1776, on his marriage with the daughter and coheiress of Mr. Markham of Roxby, Lincolnshire, he removed to his house at Wycliffe, Yorkshire, and thither his collections were afterwards transferred. Here he was on most intimate terms with a fellow-naturalist, Thomas Zouch, the incumbent of Wycliffe, despite the fact that he had opposed Zouch's presentation to the benefice, of which, although a Roman catholic, Tunstall was patron. He lived a quiet and retired life, corresponding with various naturalists, including Linné.

He died suddenly at Wycliffe Hall on 11 Oct. 1790, leaving no issue, and was buried in the chancel of his own church. His widow died in October 1825.

Besides the ‘Ornithologia Britannica’ he published ‘An Account of several Lunar Iris’ (or rainbows) for the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ in 1783.

His museum was purchased by George Allan [q. v.] of Grange, near Darlington, and passed with the latter's collections into the hands of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1822.

[Fox's Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, 1827 (biogr. with portrait and engraving of the coat-of-arms, showing thirty-five quarterings); Gent. Mag. 1790, ii. 959; pref. to Willughby Society's reprint of the Ornithologia Britannica.] 

TUNSTALL or HELMES, THOMAS (d. 1616), Roman catholic martyr, was collaterally descended from the Tunstalls of Thurland Castle, who subsequently moved to Scargill, Yorkshire. The family remained staunch Roman catholics, and several of its members entered the Society of Jesus, adopting Scargill as their name (Douai Diaries, passim). Thomas was probably born at Kendal, being described in the Douai registers as ‘Carliolensis’ and ‘Kendallensis.’ He was matriculated under the name Helmes at Douai on 7 Oct. 1607, was ordained priest in 1609, and sent as missioner to England in 1610 (ib. pp. 19, 34, 287). He was a secular priest, not a jesuit, and subsequently made a vow to enter the Benedictine order. Shortly after his arrival in England he was arrested, and he spent four or five years in various prisons, the last of them being Wisbech Castle. From this he escaped by means of a rope, but cut his hands severely, and applied to the wife of Sir Hamo L'Estrange, who was skilled in dressing wounds. Her suspicions of his identity were raised, and