Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 43.djvu/85

 1792. The catalogue of the British Museum mentions some twenty-five answers). 14. ‘Letter to the Abbé Sieyès,’ 1792. 15. ‘Four Letters on Government’ (to Dundas, to Lord Onslow (two), and the Sheriff of Sussex), 1792 (also separately). 16. ‘Letter addressed to the Addressers,’ 1792. 17. ‘Address to the Republic of France’ (also in French), 25 Sept. 1792. 18. ‘Speech in Convention on bringing Louis Capet to Trial, 20 Nov. 1792.’ 19. ‘Reasons for wishing to preserve the Life of Louis Capet,’ January 1793 (also in French). 20. ‘The Age of Reason’ (at London, New York, and Paris), 1794, and in French by Lanthenas; ‘Age of Reason,’ pt. ii., in London, 1795; ‘Age of Reason,’ pt. iii., to which is prefixed an ‘Essay on Dreams,’ New York, 1807; London, 1811 (the catalogue of the British Museum mentions about forty answers). 21. ‘Dissertations on the First Principles of Government,’ 1795 (Paine's speech in the Convention, 7 July 1795, is added to second edition). 22. ‘Decline and Fall of the English System of Finance,’ 1796. 23. ‘Letter to George Washington,’ 1796. 24. ‘Agrarian Justice opposed to Agrarian Law and to Agrarian Monopoly; being a Plan for ameliorating the Condition of Man by creating in every Nation a National Fund,’ &c., 1797. 25. ‘Letter to People of France and the French Armies,’ 1797. 26. ‘Letter to Erskine,’ 1797; to this was appended (27) ‘Discourse to the Society of Theophilanthropists,’ also published as ‘Atheism Refuted’ in 1798. 28. ‘Letter to Camille Jourdan on Bells …’ also in French as ‘Lettre … sur les Cultes,’ 1797. 29. ‘Maritime Compact: on the Rights of Neutrals at Sea,’ 1801 (also in French). 30. ‘Letters to Citizens of the United States,’ 1802 (reprinted in London, 1817). 31. ‘Letter to the People of England on the Invasion of England,’ 1804. 32. ‘On the Causes of Yellow Fever,’ 1805. 33. ‘On Constitutions, Governments, and Charters,’ 1805. 34. ‘Observations on Gunboats,’ 1806. Mr. Conway gives the titles of some later pamphlets which are not in the British Museum. Posthumous were a fragment of his reply to Bishop Watson (1810) and an ‘Essay on the Origin of Freemasonry’ (1811). Paine also contributed to the ‘Pennsylvania Magazine’ and to the ‘Pennsylvania Journal’ in 1775–6, and to the ‘Prospect’ in 1804–5. A collection of his ‘Political Works’ appeared in 1792, and was translated into French (1793) and German (1794). A fuller collection was published by Sherwin in 1817. The ‘Theological Works’ were published by Carlile in 1818. Volumes of ‘Miscellaneous Letters and Essays,’ with hitherto unpublished pieces, appeared in 1819, and in the same year his ‘Miscellaneous Poems.’ Mr. Conway is editing a new edition of the works, the first volumes of which appeared in 1894.

[The Life of Paine by Moncure Daniel Conway, 2 vols. 8vo, 1892 (3rd edit. 1893), is founded upon most elaborate research, and gives hitherto unpublished documents. Mr. Conway, though an excessively warm admirer, is candid in his statements of evidence. Paine's manuscripts were left to Mme. Bonneville, and possibly included an autobiography seen by Yorke in 1802. The papers were all destroyed by a fire while in possession of General Bonneville, Mme. Bonneville's son. Of other lives, the first was the Life of Thomas Pain, author of the Rights of Men, with a Defence of his Writings, by Francis Oldys, A.M., of the University of ‘Pennsylvania,’ 1791. The ‘Defence’ was a mystification meant to attract Paine's disciples. Oldys is said to have been the pseudonym of the antiquary, George Chalmers (1742–1825) [q. v.], then a clerk in the council of trade. The president, Lord Hawkesbury (afterwards first Lord Liverpool), is said by Sherwin to have employed him and paid him 500l. for writing it. Chalmers was bitterly hostile, and ready to accept any gossip against Paine; but his statements of verifiable fact seem to be correct. The book went through ten editions in 1791–3. Impartial Memoirs (1793) is a sixpenny tract, adding little. Cheetham's Life (see above) appeared in 1809; the Life by Paine's friend, Thomas Clio Rickman, and a Life by W. T. Sherwin, also an admirer, in 1819. An American Life, by G. Vale (1841), depends chiefly on the preceding; it is on Paine's side, and gives accounts of Cheetham's trial, &c.] 

PAINTER, EDWARD (1784–1852), pugilist, was born at Stretford, four miles from Manchester, in March 1784, and as a young man followed the calling of a brewer. A quarrel with a fellow-employé in the brewery, called Wilkins—a man of heavy build—led to a formal fight in the yard of the Swan Inn, Manchester, where Painter quickly defeated his opponent, and showed unusual power as a boxer. After receiving some training under his fellow-countryman Bob Gregson, he was matched to fight J. Coyne, an Irish boxer from Kilkenny, six feet in height, and weighing fourteen stone. Painter weighed thirteen stone; his height was five feet nine inches and three-quarters. The men met at St. Nicholas, near Margate, on 23 Aug. 1813, when, after a fight of forty minutes, the Irishman was beaten. J. Alexander, known as ‘The Gamekeeper,’ now challenged Painter, and a contest for sixty guineas a side took place at Moulsey Hurst, Surrey, on 20 Nov. 1813. In the