Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 43.djvu/75

 but this was only granted 26 Jan. 1765 (, Patronage, 1845, pp. 116, 136).

[Dictionary of Architecture; Gent. Mag. 1789, ii. 1153; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Catalogues of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and of the Royal Academy of Arts; Pye's Patronage of British Art, 8vo, 1845; Literary Panorama, 1807–8, iii. 809, 1013, 1226.] 

PAINE, JAMES (d. 1829?), architect, only son of James Paine the elder [q. v.], was instructed at the St. Martin's Lane Academy, and exhibited ‘stained drawings’ at the Spring Gardens exhibitions of 1761, 1764, and 1790. He then appears to have travelled in Italy. On his return he sent to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy of Arts architectural drawings in 1781, 1783, and in 1788 an ‘Intended Bridge across Lough Foyle at Derry.’ In 1791 he was one of the original fifteen members of the ‘Architects' Club’ (, Life of Gandon, 1847).

His father, by his will dated February 1786, probably left his son independent, which may account for his name not being found in later ‘Catalogues’ of the Royal Academy. In the library at the South Kensington Museum is a large volume with ‘J. Paine, jun. Archt. Rome, 1774,’ on the outside, containing fifty-seven drawings of studies at Rome, all signed by him, being plans of four palaces, views at Albano and Tivoli, measured drawings of the Ponte Rotto, and a number of statues with their measurements. In 1788 he had residences in both North End, Hammersmith, and Salisbury Street. On 12 March 1830 Mr. Christie sold the pictures, a few casts, books of architecture, &c., ‘the property of J. Paine, Esq., Architect (deceased).’ Among them were the account and other books by Nicholas Stone, sen. [q. v.], and his son, Henry Stone [q. v.], formerly belonging to Vertue (quoted in Anecdotes), and now preserved in Sir John Soane's Museum. His portrait was included with his father's in the picture painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds in 1764.

[Dictionary of Architecture; Sale Catalogue in Sir John Soane's Museum.] 

PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809), author of the ‘Rights of Man,’ born 29 Jan. 1736–1737 at Thetford, Norfolk, was the son of Joseph Paine, by his wife Frances (Cocke). The father was a freeman of Thetford, a staymaker, and a small farmer. He was a member of the Society of Friends, who had a small meeting-house at Thetford. The mother belonged to the church of England; and though the register, which is defective at the time of Paine's birth, does not record his baptism, his sister was baptised in 1738, and Paine was himself subsequently confirmed. Paine's father was registered as a quaker at his death, and the son, as he often avows, was much influenced by quaker principles. He was sent to the grammar school, but did not learn Latin, on account, he says, of the objections of the quakers to the Latin books used at school. He showed mathematical ability, and ‘rather repressed than encouraged’ a turn for poetry. At the age of thirteen Paine was put to his father's business. The usher at the school had told him stories of life at sea, and Paine tells us in his ‘Rights of Man’ (pt. ii. ch. v.) that he joined a privateer when ‘little more than sixteen.’ He entered on board the Terrible, commanded by Captain Death, but was brought back by his father's remonstrances. He afterwards, however, went to sea in the King of Prussia. War with France was declared 28 May 1756, and the Terrible was taken in action 28 Dec. Paine must therefore have been nineteen at the time of these adventures. He soon returned to staymaking. He worked for two years in London, and (at this period or in 1766–7) showed his scientific taste by buying a pair of globes and attending the lectures of the self-taught men of science, Benjamin Martin [q. v.] and James Ferguson (1710–1776) [q. v.] He also became known to the astronomer John Bevis [q. v.] In 1758 he moved to Dover, and in April 1759 set up as a staymaker at Sandwich. On 17 Sept. 1759 he married Mary Lambert. His business was unsuccessful, and he moved to Margate, where his wife died in 1760.

Paine now managed to obtain an appointment in the excise. He returned to Thetford in July 1761, where he was a supernumerary officer. In December 1762 he was sent to Grantham, and in August 1764 to Alford. His salary was 50l. a year, on which he had to keep a horse. On 27 Aug. 1765 he was discharged for neglect of duty by entering in his books examinations which had not been actually made. On 3 July 1766 he wrote an apologetic letter to the board of excise begging to be restored, and on 4 July it was ordered that he should be restored ‘on a proper vacancy.’ Meanwhile he worked for a time as a staymaker at Diss in Norfolk. He was then employed as usher, first by a Mr. Noble in Goodman's Fields, and afterwards by a Mr. Gardiner at Kensington. Oldys, a hostile biographer, reports that he preached about this time in Moorfields, and that he made some applications for ordination in the church of England. He was appointed excise officer at Grampound, Cornwall on