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 ::Measures for their Conciliation,’ London, 1854, 8vo. He was a frequent contributor to co-operative newspapers. At the time of his death he was engaged in writing the life of Robert Owen from the correspondence and other materials in his possession.
 * 1)   ‘A Plan for the Suppression of the Predatory Classes,’ a paper read before the third department of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science; reprinted from the ‘Transactions,’ 1862, London, 1862, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Co-operative Agriculture: a Solution of the Land Question, as exemplified in the History of the Relahine Co-operative Association, County Clare, Ireland,’ London, 1850, 8vo. He also edited William Thompson's ‘Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth most conducive to Human Happiness;’ 2nd ed. London, 1850, 8vo.

Pare married Ann Oakes of Market Drayton, Shropshire, by whom he had issue John Clement, Caroline, and Emma Amelia; the last-named married Thomas Dixon Galpin. Mrs. Pare died in 1886.



PARENT, ÉTIENNE (1801–1874), Canadian journalist, was born of French Canadian parents at Beauport, near Quebec, 2 May 1801. After being educated at the seminary of Quebec and the college of Nicolet, he went home, intending to engage in agriculture on his father's farm; but he had already acquired some reputation as a scholar and essayist, and in 1822 he accepted the editorship of the ‘Canadien,’ the chief organ of the French Canadian party. He resigned the editorship in 1825 to study for the bar, to which he was called three years later. He very soon left the bar to assume the united posts of French translator and librarian to the legislative assembly of Lower Canada. In 1831 he resumed the editorship of the ‘Canadien,’ which he now retained till 1842. For the violent attacks made by his paper on the executive government, then mainly in the hands of an oligarchy of English settlers, Parent was imprisoned in 1837. He, however, continued to press for an extension of political liberty, and after the union of the two provinces of Canada in 1841 Parent was elected to the lower house of the Canadian legislature for the county of Saguenay. He resigned his seat in 1842, on being appointed clerk to the executive council. He held this office till 1847, when he was promoted to the assistant-secretaryship for Lower Canada. Parent frequently contributed papers to the press, and delivered occasional public lectures on political economy and social science. Of the latter the best known are ‘De l'importance et des devoirs du commerce,’ ‘De l'intelligence dans ses rapports avec la société,’ and ‘Considérations sur le sort des classes ouvrières.’ These lectures were published in the ‘Foyer Canadien.’ Parent died at Ottawa on 23 Dec. 1874.



PAREPA-ROSA, EUPHROSYNE PAREPA DE BOYESKU (1836–1874), operatic singer, born at Edinburgh on 7 May 1836, was daughter of the Baron Georgiades de Boyesku, a Wallachian noble. Her mother, Elizabeth Seguin (1815–1870), was sister to [q. v.], a bass vocalist, and was daughter of an official of the king's theatre, resident in Regent Street (Athenæum, 24 Jan. 1874). On the death of her father, about 1836, her mother took to the stage to support herself and her child (cf. Era, 25 Jan. 1874; Annual Register, 1874, p. 140).

Euphrosyne was instructed in languages and in singing by her mother, and soon learnt to speak English, Italian, French, German, and Spanish with fluency. In 1855 she made a highly promising début in opera as Amina in ‘La Sonnambula’ at Malta. She afterwards appeared at Naples, Rome, Florence, Genoa, Madrid, and Lisbon. At Lisbon she was received with every mark of favour by court and public. King Ferdinand was so impressed with her attainments as to give her a letter of introduction to the prince consort. The young artist was put to the test by the prince consort in person, and she was promptly commanded to sing before the court at Osborne.

Her first appearance in opera in England took place on 21 May 1857, when she sang the part of Elvira in ‘I Puritani’ at the Lyceum Theatre, during the temporary occupation of that house by the Royal Italian Opera Company after the burning of Covent Garden Theatre (5 March 1856). In August of the following year she played Camille in ‘Zampa’ after the reopening of Covent Garden, and for several years she continued to