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  in France, Prussia, Holland, Bohemia, Austria, &c., to inspect battlefields and engines of war (ib.) He adds that he had under his instruction many distinguished officers, including German and Russian princes, who served both in the German and French armies during Napoleon's subsequent campaigns (, Science of War, vol. i. Preface). After the French seized Hanover a second time in 1807, Müller came to England, and on 24 April 1809 was appointed a second lieutenant of engineers in the king's German legion, in British pay, becoming first lieutenant, 20 May 1809, and second captain, 13 Dec. 1812. He was employed in the home district; published several works in English; patented an improvement in pumps (British patent 3300, 12 Feb. 1810); and in 1813 was employed on a survey of the coast about the mouths of the Elbe, which after the peace was extended as far as Boulogne-sur-Mer. The German legion was disbanded, and Müller, with other officers, placed on half-pay from 24 Feb. 1816, when he was appointed a captain of engineers in the reformed Hanoverian army, and was much engaged on survey work. In 1828 he patented in England (British Patent 5680, 16 July 1828), an instrument he called a 'cosmosphere,' consisting of 'cosmically' (equatorially?) mounted terrestrial and celestial globes ' for the solution of problems in navigation, spherics, and other sciences.' Müller, who was a K. H., and wore the German Legion war-medal, died at Stade, in Hanover, where he had long resided, on 2 Sept. 1846.

He was author of the following works:
 * 1) 'Analytische Trigonometric,' Gottingen, 1807.
 * 2) 'Anfangsgriinde der reinen Mathematik,' Gottingen, 1807.
 * 3) 'Handbuch der Verfertigung des groben Geschiitzes,' Gottingen, 1807.
 * 4) 'Grundriss zu Vorlesungen der militarischen Encyclopedic,' Gottingen, 1808 (Müller states that his encyclopedia was subsequently printed in Germany, France, and Holland under the First Empire).
 * 5) 'Handbuch der Artillerie,' Berlin, 1810 (for the preceding list see preface to, Science of War, vol. i.)
 * 6) 'A Relation of the Military Operations of the Austrian and French Armies in the Campaign of 1809,' London, 1810, 8vo.
 * 7) 'Elements of the Science of War,' 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1811.
 * 8) 'A Topographical and Military Survey of Germany,' London, 1815, 12mo.
 * 9) 'Hydroozo-chorographische General-Postu. Wege-Carte des Königr. Hannover.' In twelve sheets and reduced, Hanover, 1823.
 * 10) 'Special-Carte der Fürstenthums Lippe,' Hanover, 1824.
 * 11) 'Beschreibung der Sturmfluthen an den Ofern der Nordsee u. der sich darin ergiessenden Strome u. Flüsse, 3-4 Feb. 1825, mit Carte u. Planen,' Hanover, 1825-8.
 * 12) 'The Cosmosphere, or Cosmographically-mounted Terrestrial andCelestial Globes, for Self-instruction and the Use of Schools,' London, 1829. With an Appendix on 'Instruments for Calculating Latitude and Longitude at Sea.'

According to the British Museum Catalogue he was probably the writer of 'Versuch einer kurzen Geschichte des Königr. Hannover u. Herzogth. Braunschweig-Lüneburg,' Hanover, 1832, 8vo, a small work published under the signature 'R.' 

MÜLLER, WILLIAM JOHN (1812–1845), landscape painter, born at Bristol on 28 June 1812, was the second son of John Samuel Müller and his wife, a Miss James of Bristol. His father, a native of Danzig, took refuge in England during the French occupation of Prussia in 1807-8, and settled at Bristol, where he married, and published ‘A Natural History of the Crinoidea,’ 1821, 4to. He also left a manuscript, which was lost, on ‘Corals and Coralines,’ and contributed several papers to the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society.’ He died in 1830.

Under his father's teaching Müller developed a taste for botany and natural history. He was at first intended for an engineer, but, devoting himself to art, received his first instruction from his fellow-townsman, [q. v.] He appears to have lived at Bristol till he was one-and-twenty, and was a member of the Bristol Sketching Club, which was established in 1833, his fellow-members being Samuel Jackson, J. Skinner Prout, J. B. Pyne, William West, Willis, Robert Tucker, and Evans. In the same year (1833) he exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy, his picture being ‘The Destruction of Old London Bridge—Morning.’ In this or the following year he went abroad with Mr. George Fripp (still one of the members of the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours), and spent seven months sketching in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, after which he returned to Bristol and commenced his professional career. In 1836 he exhibited at the Royal Academy ‘Peasants on the Rhine waiting for the Ferry Boat,’ and sent works to the Exhibition of the Society of Artists in Suffolk Street in 1836, 1837, and 1838. In the last of these years he