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 of Scotland. In his youth he travelled on the continent, and spent much of his time at the courts of England and France. He was a member of the convention of estates in 1689, but left that assembly when he found it was determined to declare that James II had forfeited the crown. He joined eagerly in the rising of 1715, and with his brother, James, fourth earl of Panmure, fought at the indecisive battle of Sheriffmuir. The earl was taken prisoner by the royal troops, but was afterwards rescued by his brother under circumstances of great peril. This stirring incident is commemorated in the Jacobite ballad on the battle. In 1716 Maule was obliged to fly to Holland, where he devoted his leisure to the study of the civil and canon laws. Both before and after his return to Scotland he corresponded largely with the leading adherents of the Jacobite cause and other prominent men. From the leading Jacobites of the day he was constantly receiving news-letters, of a number of which abstracts are given in ‘Historical Manuscripts Commission,’ 1st Rep. App. pp. 117–19. His latter years were spent in his castle of Kelly, where he occupied himself in historical pursuits, and both he and his brother made extensive collections of chronicles, chartularies, and documents bearing on the history of Scotland, all of which are preserved in the library at Brechin Castle (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. p. 186). He appears to have been a nonjuror, and had much correspondence on religious topics with the Rev. James Greenshields, an episcopalian clergyman of Edinburgh, who had been thrown into prison for using the English prayer book. Sometimes he was styled Earl of Panmure, a title to which he would have succeeded on his brother's death but for the attainder. He died at Edinburgh in June 1734, and was buried in Holyrood Abbey.

He married, first, in 1695, Lady Mary Fleming, only daughter of William, fifth earl of Wigton; and secondly in 1704 Anne, second daughter of the Hon. Patrick Lindsay of Kilburnie, and sister of John, first viscount Garnock. Among the children by his first wife was James Maule, who assisted him in his historical researches, and who died unmarried on 16 April 1729. Among the issue of the second marriage was John Maule, who became a member of parliament and one of the barons of the court of exchequer in Scotland, and who died unmarried on 2 July 1781.

Maule was the author of ‘Registrum de Panmure. Records of the Families of Maule, De Valoniis, Brechin, and Brechin-Barclay, united in the line of the Barons and Earls of Panmure. Compiled by the Hon. Harry Maule of Kelly, A.D. 1733. Edited by John Stuart, LL.D.,’ with illustrations and facsimiles, 2 vols. 1874, 4to. Prefixed to this magnificent work, of which only 150 copies were privately printed, is a portrait of the author in armour, engraved from the original at Dalhousie Castle. 

MAULE, JAMES, fourth (1659?–1723), Jacobite, was the eldest son of George, second earl of Panmure, by Lady Jean Campbell, eldest daughter of John, earl of Loudoun. He succeeded to the earldom on the death of his brother George, third earl, 1 Feb. 1686, having previously been known as of Ballumbie, Forfarshire. In his early years he travelled on the continent, and in 1684 served as a volunteer at the siege of Luxemburg. After succeeding to the earldom, he was named a privy councillor by James II, but he opposed the policy of the king in favour of the catholics, and was consequently removed 10 March 1687. Nevertheless at the revolution he remained faithful to the king, even after the latter's flight to France. In January 1689 he went to London, and his father-in-law, the Duke of Hamilton, earnestly pressed him to join the Prince of Orange, but he declined to do so. At the convention of the estates at Edinburgh in March he opposed the recognition of William and Mary, and when the vote went against him, retired to his own house (, Memoirs, p. 25), and henceforth ceased to attend the meetings of the estates.

Panmure was mentioned by the Duke of Perth to the Jacobite, Nathaniel Hooke [q. v.], 3 July 1705, as one to be relied on (, Correspondence, i. 229), and in a memoir given to MM. De Torcy and De Chamillart, at Fontainebleau, 17 Oct., is referred to as one of the richest men of Scotland, and wholly devoted to the king of England (ib. p. 404). The proposal for a union between Scotland and England, especially that part of the treaty which provided for the election of representative peers, was strongly distasteful to Panmure, and still further confirmed his Jacobite convictions. At the time of Hooke's second visit to Scotland in 1707, he is mentioned as one to whom the ‘king's’ letter was to be shown (ib. ii. 141), and the Pretender himself wrote him a private letter expressing his confidence in his loyalty (Registrum de Panmure, ii. 346).

On the outbreak of the rebellion in 1715 Panmure proclaimed James Francis Edward