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  with regard to the health of the troops in the West Indies, laid before parliament in 1836, caused a complete revolution in the treatment of soldiers in Jamaica, which, till the appearance of the report, had been simply a military charnel-house. In 1847 he received the honorary title of Doctor in Medicine from the university of New York, the first instance in which the honour was conferred. He died at Edinburgh on 5 May 1851, after a long and painful illness. In 1832, when he was fifty-six years of age, he married Anne, eldest daughter of James Wingate of Westshiels, Roxburghshire.

Marshall, who was an indefatigable writer, was the first to prove the value of military medical statistics.

His works include: 1. ‘A Description of the Laurus Cinnamomum’ in ‘The Annals of Philosophy,’ 1817. 2. ‘Notes on the Medical Topography of the Interior of Ceylon,’ London, 1821, 8vo. 3. ‘Hints to young Medical Officers of the Army on the examination of Recruits and the Feigned Disabilities of Soldiers,’ London, 1828, 8vo. 4. ‘On the Enlisting, the Discharging, and the Pensioning of Soldiers,’ London, 1832, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1839. 5. ‘Military Miscellany; comprehending a History of the Recruiting of the Army …,’ London, 1846, 8vo. 6. ‘Ceylon. A General Description of the Island. … With an Historical Sketch of the Conquest of the Colony by the English,’ London, 1846, 12mo. 7. ‘Suggestions for the Advancement of Military Medical Literature,’ n.p., n.d. [1849], 8vo. In addition to these works Marshall contributed numerous papers to the ‘London Medical and Physical Journal,’ the ‘Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,’ and the ‘United Service Journal.’

 MARSHALL, JAMES (1796–1855), divine, born at Rothesay, Bute, on 23 Feb. 1796, was son of a doctor, on whose death in 1806 the family removed to Paisley. James was educated at Paisley grammar school, and subsequently at the universities of both Glasgow and Edinburgh. On 2 Sept. 1818 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Glasgow, and after assisting his mother's friend, Dr. Robert Balfour, at the Outer High Church, Glasgow, succeeded to Balfour's charge at his death in 1819. In 1828 he was appointed by the Edinburgh town council to the Tolbooth Church, Edinburgh. Although for some years he generally sympathised with the opponents of the establishment in the controversy which led to the disruption, he disliked the extremities to which his party seemed to be committing itself, and ultimately, embracing episcopacy, which he had convinced himself was the only scriptural form of church government, he severed his connection with the Scottish church. He sent in his resignation to the presbytery of Edinburgh on 29 Sept. 1841, and, after being confirmed by the Bishop of Edinburgh, was ordained by the Bishop of Durham as curate to Canon Gilly at Norham (19 Dec.). He took priest's orders on 6 Feb. 1842, and was appointed to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Port, Bristol. In 1845 Marshall became secretary to the newly founded Lay Readers' Association, which he carried on with great vigour for many years. In May 1847 he was appointed by the Simeon trustees to the living of Christ Church, Clifton, which he held till his death. After three years' ill-health he died on 29 Aug. 1855 at his house, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, and was buried on 4 Sept. in the Clifton parish church burial-ground. He married in 1822 Catherine Mary, daughter of Legh Richmond, rector of Turvey, Bedfordshire.

Marshall was an effective preacher, and as a young man he attracted the favourable notice of Dr. Chalmers in that capacity. His calm demeanour in the pulpit strikingly contrasted with the vehemence commonly characteristic of the Scottish clergy.

Marshall published, besides sermons and addresses, ‘Inward Revival, or Motives and Hindrances to Advancement in Holiness,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1840, and ‘Early Piety illustrated in the Life and Death of a Young Parishioner,’ 12mo, both of which had a large circulation. He also edited the letters of his aunt, ‘the late Mrs. Isabella Graham of New York,’ London, 1839, 12mo. A copy is in the Edinburgh Advocates' Library.

 MARSHALL, JAMES (1829–1889), colonial judge, son of James Marshall, sometime vicar of Christ Church, Clifton, was born at Edinburgh on 19 Dec. 1829. He was prevented from entering the army by the loss of his right arm through a gun 