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  of the genuine historical method to such inquiries. Coming soon after the publication of Darwin's great book, which had made the theory of evolution a great force in natural philosophy, it introduced a correlative method into the philosophy of institutions. A scientific writer is liable to be superseded in proportion to the fruitfulness of his own discoveries. But Maine's admirable style and skill in exposition will make his works models of investigation even if their statements of fact require modification.

Maine's works are: Papers on ‘Roman Law and Legal Education’ (from ‘Cambridge Essays,’ 1856); the Rede lecture, delivered at Cambridge in 1875, ‘On the Effects of the Observation of India on Modern European Thought;’ a review of Sir J. F. Stephen's ‘Introduction to the Indian Evidence Act;’ three addresses to the university of Calcutta; and other papers, are appended to the third edition of ‘Village Communities,’ 1876. Maine contributed a review of Sir W. Hunter's ‘Indian Mussulmans’ to the ‘Cornhill Magazine’ in 1871; gave lectures (separately published) upon ‘Early History of the Property of Married Women,’ at Manchester in 1873, and ‘The King and his Relation to Early Civil Justice,’ at the Royal Institution in 1881; and contributed an article upon India to the ‘Reign of Queen Victoria,’ edited by Mr. Humphry Ward, in 1887. An article in the ‘Quarterly Review’ of January 1886 upon Mr. Donald MacLennan's ‘Patriarchal Theory’ gives Maine's reply to criticisms made by Mr. MacLennan and his brother, [q. v.], then dead, upon a theory of the primitive family given in ‘Ancient Law.’
 * 1) ‘Ancient Law: its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas,’ 1861.
 * 2) ‘Village Communities,’ 1871.
 * 3) ‘Early History of Institutions,’ 1875.
 * 4) ‘Dissertations on Early Law and Custom,’ 1883.
 * 5) ‘Popular Government,’ 1885. 6. ‘International Law’ (Whewell lectures, 1887), 1888.

Maine's books have been frequently translated and republished. The ‘Ancient Law’ was translated into French by M. Courcille Seneuil, with an introduction, and into Hungarian, and the ‘Village Communities’ into Russian.



MAINE, JASPER (1604–1672), dramatist and archdeacon of Chichester. [See .]

MAINWARING or MAYNWARING, ARTHUR (1668–1712), auditor of imprests, was born in 1668 at Ightfield, Shropshire, where his family, a branch of the Mainwarings of Over Peover, Cheshire, had been settled since the fifteenth century. His grandfather, Sir Arthur Maynwaring (, Life of James I, 1653, p. 57), was a well-known figure at the court of James I, and a favourite of Prince Henry. His father was Charles Maynwaring, eldest son of Sir Arthur, and his mother was the daughter of Charles Cholmley of Vale Royal, Cheshire. When a boy he attended the grammar school, Shrewsbury, was sent at fifteen to Christ Church, Oxford (1683), and in 1687 entered as a student at the Inner Temple. He took the losing side at the revolution, and during a long stay with his uncle, Sir Francis Cholmley, a cavalier who went to prison rather than acknowledge William, his Stuart sympathies were encouraged and strengthened. He had left Oxford without a degree, but a commonplace-book written at this period shows wide reading and a susceptible and quick fancy. From Cheshire he came to live with his father in Essex Street, Strand, London, in order to study law, publishing almost immediately his first literary effort, ‘Tarquin and Tullia,’ an outspoken and fairly vigorous satire upon William and Mary. Next year, in the ‘King of Hearts,’ he ridiculed Lord Delamere [see, 1622–1684] and his Cheshire men entering London in state. The verses, published anonymously, sold well, were attributed to Dryden, and made the author's fortune. Lord Cholmondeley and Burlington, recognising his merit, and regarding his Jacobitism as of the heart rather than the head, introduced him to Lord Somers and other prominent supporters of William, and yielding to their influence, to the prospect of rapid and brilliant advancement, and chiefly to a ripening judgment, his early enthusiasm dwindled and disappeared. Upon his father's death, about 1693, Maynwaring inherited an estate estimated at 800l. a year, but reduced by incumbrances to a nominal value. He now gave up the law, and raising 4,000l. upon Ightfield devoted himself to politics and society, placing his pen and wit at the service of the government. When the treaty of Ryswick in 1697 reopened communication with