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Rh to return to Scotland in December 1650, and arrived there in February following. A proposal made at a meeting of the committee of estates at Stirling in May to appoint him field-marshal of the army fell through (, Annals, iv. 297), but in the following month he became a member of the committee of estates, and was present at Alyth in August, when the committee was surprised by English troopers from Dundee. Callander had the good fortune to escape capture, and met the committee later at Aberdeen. In October he was summoned to attend a meeting of the committee in the Isle of Bute, but wrote from Ruthven (probably in Badenoch) excusing his absence (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. p. 645;, Memorials of the Family of Wemyss of Wemyss, iii. 57).

During Cromwell's campaign in Scotland Callander's house was made a royal garrison, and in July 1651 it was stormed and burned, and sixty persons who were within at the time were put to the sword (Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. App. p. 435). The earl did not accompany the king and his army into England. Popular rumour attributed his absence to his jealousy of David Leslie [q. v.] But Callander asserted that his sole desire was to remain in quiet and peace. In November of 1651 he submitted himself to General Monck, and received his formal protection. But he was exempted from Cromwell's act of grace in 1654, and had his estates confiscated. For refusing bond and parole for his peaceable behaviour, he was moreover imprisoned first in the castle of Burntisland, and afterwards at Edinburgh. Many of his fellow-prisoners made their escape from Edinburgh Castle by tying together sheets and blankets, and descending the wall and castle rock. Callander refused to run the risk, remained behind, and was after six months' detention allowed by Monck to proceed to London and plead his own cause with the Protector and his council. He succeeded in his efforts, and obtained his release and also the discharge of his estates, which were now, however, hopelessly burdened with debt (Lothian and Ancrum Correspondence, p. 391).

Callander welcomed the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and re-entering political life, took an active part in the parliament of 1661. After making formal resignation of his earldom he received a regrant of it to himself, with succession to his brother's son, Alexander Livingstone. He was confirmed in the hereditary sheriffship of Stirling, and was allowed precedence of the Earl of Leven, son of the first bearer of that title. Some recompense for the losses he had incurred in the service of the king was made him, and he was one of the fourteen earls who carried the body of Montrose on the occasion of its state interment in the church of St. Giles, Edinburgh (, Life of Montrose, p. 834). He attended parliament until 1672, and died in March 1674 at Callander House, whence his body was borne and interred at Falkirk on the 25th of that month (, Stirlings of Keir, p. 507).

About 1633 he married Lady Margaret Hay, only daughter of James, seventh lord Yester, and widow of Alexander, first earl of Dunfermline. She was permitted to retain the rank and precedency due to her as Countess of Dunfermline (, Register of Royal Letters, p. 845). She died in 1660, and was buried at Dalgety in Fifeshire beside her first husband. Callander had no issue.

Callander founded a hospital in Falkirk in 1640 for the support of four aged and infirm persons, the foundation of which he ratified by charter in 1668 (Old Statistical Account, xix. 79). During an epidemic in that town in 1644 he wrote to his factor there to see that meal and coal and four-tailed coats were supplied to the suffering families (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. pt. ii. p. 734). 

LIVINGSTONE, JOHN (1603–1672), Scottish divine, was born at Kilsyth, Stirlingshire, on 21 Jan. 1603. His father was William Livingstone, minister of that parish and afterwards of Lanark, who was descended from the fifth Lord Livingstone, and his mother was Agnes Livingstone, of the house of Dunipace. He was educated at the grammar school of Stirling, and afterwards at the university of Glasgow, where he graduated in 1621. His father wished him to marry and to settle down on an estate which he had purchased, but he resolved to study for the church, and having completed his theological course, received license to preach in 1625. He had been devout from his early years and did not remember, as he tells us in his ‘Autobiography,’ any particular time of conversion. He acted as assistant for a time in the parish of Torphichen, and afterwards as chaplain to the Countess of Wigton. He was in great request as a preacher and was still unordained, when, on the Monday after a communion in June 1630, he preached in the kirk of Shotts, Lanarkshire, a sermon which is said to have produced a serious change in five hundred of his hearers. Patrons