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 375). On 3 Dec. 1596 Livingstone found security 'for doing his duty in keeping of the princess' (''Reg. P. C. Scotl''. v. 343). He was chosen one of the members of the privy council, on its reconstitution in December 1598 (ib. p. 500). In March 1600 he had a charter of noro damus of the barony of Callendar, in which the town of Falkirk was erected into a free burgh of barony. On 25 Dec. of the same year he was, on the occasion of the baptism of Prince Charles, created Earl of Linlithgow, Lord Livingstone and Callendar. He and Lady Livingstone remained guardians of the Princess Elizabeth until the departure of King James to London in 1603, and after the princess was restored to the king at Windsor an act was passed discharging them of their duty, and of their dutiful care and service in that behalf (ib. vi. 577). In July 1604 the earl was appointed one of the commissioners for a union with England. In 1621 he voted, through his procurator, against the five articles of Perth. He died on 2 April 1622.

By his wife, Eleanor Hay, only daughter of Alexander, seventh earl of Erroll, he had three sons—John, master of Livingstone, Alexander, second earl of Linlithgow, and, earl of Callander (d. 1674) [q. v.]— and two daughters: Anne, married to Alexander, sixth earl of Eglinton, and Margaret to John, second earl of Wigton.



LIVINGSTONE, CHARLES (1821–1873), missionary and traveller, brother of Dr. [q. v.], was born at Blantyre in Lanarkshire on 28 Feb. 1821. He attended the local school and worked with his brother in the cotton-factory of H. Monteith & Co., from which he moved to a lace factory at Hamilton. He devoted his leisure time to study, and became a Sunday-school teacher. In 1840 he emigrated to the Western States of America, and became a student at a training college for missionaries. In 1847 he entered the Union Theological College, New York City, from which he took his degree in 1850. Dr. Storrs of Massachusetts took a deep interest in him, and obtained for him a pastoral charge in that state. In April 1857 he came to England on leave of absence, and met his brother David, fresh from his discoveries in Central Africa, who induced him, not without a struggle, to leave his family and his flock in America, and to join the Zambesi expedition. Through many privations and difficulties he was the doctor's faithful companion and assistant till 1863, when he was invalided home, and went to join his family in America. His health would not, however, allow of his resuming ministerial duties, and after writing out his journal, he came to meet his brother David in England, and assist him in preparing the work on the Zambesi for the press. In October 1874 he accepted the appointment of her majesty's consul at Fernando Po, and in 1867 the Bights of Benin and Biafra, including the mouths of the Niger, were added by Lord Stanley to his consular district. His upright and consistent Christian life gave him great influence with the chief, whom he persuaded to abolish many cruel and heathenish customs. He visited the Okrikas, a savage cannibal tribe, and his visit resulted in great good to them. He died near Lagos, 28 Oct. 1873, of African fever.



LIVINGSTONE, CHARLOTTE MARIA, (d. 1755). [See under, titular .]

LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813–1873). African missionary and explorer, was born at Blantyre, Lanarkshire, on 19 March 1813. His great-grandfather fell at the battle of Culloden fighting for the Stuarts. His grandfather was a small farmer at Ulva in the Hebrides, who, finding his farm insufficient to support a numerous family, moved in 1792 to Blantyre in Lanarkshire, about seven miles from Glasgow, where he found employment in the cotton-factory of H. Monteith & Co. His sons became clerks in the same factory. but, with the exception of Neil, all entered either the army or navy during the war with France. Neil, after serving an apprenticeship to David Hunter, a tailor, married in 1810 his daughter Agnes,eventually became a small tea-dealer, and spent his life at Blantyre and Hamilton. He was a religious man. and for the last twenty years of his life held the office of deacon of an independent church at Hamilton. He had five sons and two daughters, and set them a consistent example of piety, while the mother, a delicate woman, with a flow of good spirits, did her best to make the two ends meet.

David was Neil Livingstone's second son, and at the age of ten was sent to the cotton-factory as a 'piecer.' With his first earning he purchased Ruddiman's 'Rudiments of Latin,' and for some years studied at an evening school, and at home until late at night, although he had to be at the factory at six