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 lion of the Leinster Geraldines, but submitted to Lord [q. v.] in 1538. He renewed his submission to Sir Anthony St. Leger in November 1540, and preferred a request to be allowed to hold his land in feudal tenure. He was anxious, he declared, to imitate his ancestor, Dermot Mac Murrough, king of Leinster, who had introduced the English into Ireland, and by adopting English customs to assist in the re-establishment of the English authority in the island. Though not a baron of parliament, he was allowed to sit in the parliament held by St. Leger in Dublin in 1541, and in 1543 he obtained a grant of the lordship of St. Molyns to himself and his heirs, ‘without any division or partition to be made therein between his kinsmen,’ on condition of building himself a house or mansion at Pollmounty, of maintaining the accustomed fairs there, and of exercising a vigilant watch over the pass. In 1544 he furnished nineteen kerne, under the command of Captain Edmond Mac Cahir Kavanagh, to the Irish contingent employed at the siege of Boulogne; and in the following year he defeated his rival, Gerald Mac Cahir Kavanagh, with great slaughter, in the neighbourhood of Hacketstown. His assumption of the title of Mac Murrough aroused the suspicion of Sir Edward Bellingham, which was further increased by his refusal, ‘sticking to the Brehon law of restitution,’ to hang one of his followers for horse-stealing. His explanations were, however, deemed sufficient, and the lord deputy expressed himself satisfied with his ‘good conformity and constancy in the king's service.’ In 1550 he surprised the castle of Ferns, and Sir [q. v.], regarding it as an act of rebellion, invaded his country. He acknowledged his offence, and at a great council held in Dublin on 4 Nov. publicly renounced his title of Mac Murrough. His possessions were considerably restricted, and he obtained permission to make his explanations in person to Edward VI. On 8 Feb. 1553–4 he was created baron of Ballyann for life, but died shortly afterwards. He married Cecilia, daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald, earl of Kildare, and had six sons, viz.: Brian, who married a daughter of Hugh Mac Shane O'Byrne; Tirrelagh, who married a sister of Robert Browne of Mulrankan, in the barony of Bargy, co. Wexford, whose tragic fate is narrated in Holinshed; Crean, Moriertagh, Art, and Dermot, who for his good and faithful services was, on 18 March 1555, appointed tanist to the chieftaincy of the clan. Cahir Mac Art Kavanagh is an interesting figure in Irish history as the founder of an estate which, notwithstanding the vicissitudes of land tenure in Ireland, still remains in the possession of his lineal descendants.



KAVANAGH, JULIA (1824–1877), novelist and biographer, was only child of Morgan Peter Kavanagh (d. 1874). The father was the author of ‘The Wanderings of Lucan and Dinah,’ a poetical romance in ten cantos, 1824; of ‘The Reign of Lockrin,’ a poem in Spenserian stanza, 1838; of ‘The Discovery of the Science of Languages,’ 1844, a ridiculous work on philology, which was translated into French the same year, and was developed in ‘Myths traced to their Primary Source through Language,’ 1856, and in ‘Origin of Language and Myths,’ 1871. On the title-page of one of his publications, ‘The Hobbies,’ a worthless novel (cf. Athenæum, 1857, p. 909), Kavanagh associated his daughter's name with his own, but she denied any concern in the work in a painful controversy with the publisher (cf. ib. pp. 761, 792, 822, 854).

Julia Kavanagh was born at Thurles in 1824, and in childhood accompanied her parents to London, and afterwards to Paris, where they eventually settled. In that city she gained a minute insight into French life. Returning to London in 1844 she adopted literature as a profession. Much of her time was devoted to the care of her mother, who was aged and infirm. The last years of her life she spent at Nice, where she died suddenly on 28 Oct. 1877. Her portrait by Chanet is in the National Gallery of Ireland, to which it was presented by her mother in 1884.

Miss Kavanagh began by writing tales and essays for periodicals, and published in 1847 her first book, a tale for children, entitled ‘The Three Paths,’ to which, in 1848, succeeded the well-known story of ‘Madeleine,’ founded on the life of a peasant girl of Auvergne. ‘Woman in France during the Eighteenth Century,’ containing cleverly executed pictures of contemporary female celebrities of France, appeared in 2 vols. London, 1850, 8vo; ‘Nathalie: a Tale,’ in 3 vols., the same year; followed by ‘Women of