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 the heart, were good attempts to convert physiology into an exact science. The papers on the heart were criticised by Dr. James Keill of Northampton and by M. Senac, and Jurin replied to both. When Berkeley in the ‘Analyst’ accused mathematicians of infidelity, Jurin attacked him in two pamphlets, ‘Geometry no Friend to Infidelity’ and ‘The Minute Mathematician,’ issued under the pseudonym of ‘Philalethes Cantabrigiensis,’ (see Mathematical Works of, F.R.S., 1761, with Memoir). Under the same signature he carried on a discussion with Dr. Pemberton, in defence of Newton, in ‘The Works of the Learned’ for 1737–9. He was a good Latin scholar, and many of his papers are in Latin. Thomas Bentley's edition of Cæsar (1742) was undertaken at Jurin's suggestion, and largely consists of his notes.

Jurin early obtained a large medical practice, and gained a considerable fortune. His chief medical notoriety was obtained by the part he took in supporting the practice of inoculation for small-pox. His pamphlets, enumerated below, were powerful arguments in its favour, and they provoked opposition from conservative doctors and divines. He was one of the physicians called on to attend Robert Walpole, earl of Orford, in 1745, and to the powerful caustic medicine which he prescribed John Ranby, serjeant-surgeon to George II, attributed his death. A vigorous controversy followed.

Jurin's principal writings are as follows: 1. ‘B. Varenii Geographia Generalis,’ edited, with an appendix, by J. J., Cambridge, 1712. French translation by P. F. de Puisieux, Paris, 1755, 4 vols. 12mo. English translation, with additions, by Dugdale and P. Shaw, London, 1733. 2. ‘A Letter to Caleb Cotesworth, M.D., containing a Comparison between the Mortality of the Natural Small-pox and that given by Inoculation. To which is subjoined an Account of the Success of Inoculation in New England,’ London, 1723. 3. ‘Myotomia Reformata, or an Anatomical Treatise on the Muscles of the Human Body,’ by W. Cowper; 2nd edit., the text revised by J. Jurin, fol., London, 1724 [see, 1666–1709]. 4. ‘An Account of the Success of Inoculating the Small-pox in Great Britain,’ London, 1724. 5. Ditto, for the year 1724, London, 1725. 6. Ditto for 1725, London, 1726. 7. Ditto for 1726, London, 1727 (cf. ‘A Short Account of Inoculation,’ by Isaac Massey, London, 1723; ‘Reasons against Inoculation, in a Letter to Dr. Jurin,’ by Francis Howgrave, London, 1724; ‘Remarks on Dr. Jurin's last yearly Account of the Success of Inoculation,’ by Isaac Massey, London, 1727; ‘A Practical Essay concerning the Small-pox,’ by William Douglass, M.D., London, 1730). 8. ‘Dissertationes Physico-mathematicæ’ (including his principal papers read before the Royal Society), London, 1732. 9. ‘Geometry no Friend to Infidelity; or a Defence of Sir Isaac Newton and the British Mathematicians; in a Letter to the Author of the “Analyst” (i. e. Bishop Berkeley), by Philalethes Cantabrigiensis’ (i.e. J. J.), London, 1734. 10. ‘The Minute Mathematician; or the Freethinker no Just Thinker; set forth in a second Letter to the Author of the “Analyst,” by Philalethes Cantabrigiensis,’ London, 1735. 11. ‘An Account of the Effects of Soap-Lye taken internally for the Stone,’ London, 1742. 12. Second edition, with an appendix, on the use of his own preparation, Lixivium Lithontripticum,’ London, 1745. 13. ‘An Epistle to John Ranby, Esq., principal Serjeant-Surgeon to his Majesty, on … his Narrative of the last Illness of the Earl of Orford, as far as it relates to Sir Edward Hulse, Dr. Jurin, and Dr. Crowe,’ London, 1745 (probably by Jurin) (cf. ‘Advice to John Ranby,’ &c., 1745; ‘Expostulatory Address to J. R., by a Physician,’ 1745, with other controversial tracts, all in one volume in the British Museum Library, 551 a24. ‘The Charge to the Jury, or the Sum of the Evidence on the Trial of A. B. C. D. and E. F., all M.D., for the Death of one Robert at Orfud,’ (sic) London, 1745).

 JUST, JOHN (1797–1852), archæologist, eldest son of Jonathan Just, farmer, was born in the village of Natland, two miles from Kendal in Westmoreland, on 3 Dec. 1797. After attending the village school he was employed on a farm, but, being of studious tastes, was sent, at the age of fourteen, to Kendal grammar school. Carus Wilson of Casterton Hall noticed his ability, and in 1812 took him into his house, sending him to Kirkby Lonsdale grammar school for five years. While at Casterton Hall he engraved ciphers upon the family plate, made barometers, and commenced his investigations on Roman roads. About 1817 he became for a short time classical assistant to the Rev. John Dobson at Kirkby Lonsdale school, and pursued his favourite study of botany in the neighbourhood. From 1832 till his death he was second master of Bury grammar school, devoting much of his leisure to private 