Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/50

 ence is remarkably shown in Spinoza's political treatises. The impression upon Leibniz appears in the ‘Theodicée’ and many of his writings, early and late. His later influence in Germany is described in G. Zart's ‘Einfluss der englischen Philosophie … auf die deutsche Philosophie des 18ten Jahrhunderts.’ In France Diderot expressed enthusiastic admiration for Hobbes in the ‘Encyclopædia,’ and Rousseau's interest in him appears in the early discourse on ‘Inequality and the Contrat Social.’ De Maistre's ‘Du Pape’ is a curious application of Hobbes's logic to an antagonistic conclusion. After being much neglected in England Hobbes's fame was rehabilitated by the utilitarians, who found much that was congenial to them in his unflinching clearness and rationalism, his doctrine of association, his recognition of utility as the aim of social action, and his theory of sovereignty. Their interest was proved by Molesworth's edition of Hobbes's works, which, unfortunately, was not completed by any general survey or biographical investigation.

Hobbes's works are as follows (the letters E. and L. refer to their places in Molesworth's edition of the English and Latin works respectively): 1. ‘Translation of Thucydides,’ 1629, 1634, 1676, &c.; E. viii. and ix. 2. ‘De Mirabilibus Pecci,’ 1636? (n. d.), 1666, 1675, 1678; L. v. 321–40. ‘A Latin Poem on the Peak,’ an English translation, by ‘A Person of Quality,’ was added to the edition of 1678. 3. ‘Objectiones ad Cartesii Meditationes’ (placed third in the sets published in the ‘Meditations’), L. v. 249–74. Ib. 275–307, gives the correspondence upon them with Descartes and Mersenne, 1641. 4. ‘De Cive,’ Paris, 1642; Amsterdam (as ‘Elementa Philosophiæ de Cive’), 1647, 1650, 1660, 1669, in English, 1651; two first parts, translated by Du Verdus, Paris, 1660, as ‘Eléments de la politique de M. Hobbes;’ L. 133–432, E. ii. 5. Part of preface to Mersenne's ‘Ballistica,’ 1644; L. v. 309–18. 6. ‘Tractatus Opticus’ in Mersenne's ‘Cogitata Physico-Mathematica,’ 1644, L. v. 215–48. 7. ‘Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policy,’ 1650, E. iv. 1–76. 8. ‘De Corpore Politico,’ 1650, E. iv. 177–228 (Nos. 7 and 8 are the original unpublished treatise of 1640; the first part of No. 8 being removed to it from the last part of No. 7. The prefatory epistle, dated 9 May 1640, is prefixed to No. 7. The original treatise, called ‘The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic,’ was republished in 1889 by Dr. Ferdinand Tönnies, after a careful collation of six manuscripts, resulting in many corrections). 9. Epistle to D'Avenant on Gondibert, 1651, E. iv. 441–58. 10. ‘Leviathan; or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil,’ 1651. A Latin version of the ‘Leviathan,’ partly modified, and with three apologetic dialogues, in place of the old ‘Review and Conclusion,’ was prepared by Hobbes for the edition of his works published at Amsterdam in 1668; E. iii. and L. iii., the last from the 1668 edition. The ‘Leviathan’ was also reprinted in 1680, and recently at Oxford by J. Thornton, in 1881 and again in 1885, as a volume in Morley's ‘Universal Library.’ 11. ‘Of Liberty and Necessity,’ 1654 (surreptitious), E. iv. 229–78. 12. ‘Elementorum Philosophiæ sectio prima. De Corpore,’ 1655, L. i. An English translation (E. i.), corrected by Hobbes, appeared in 1656, with ‘Six Lessons’ to the Savilian professors of astronomy and geometry appended (E. vii. 181–356), in answer to Ward's ‘In T. H. Philosophiam Exercitatio Philosophica,’ and Wallis's ‘Elenchus Geometriæ Hobbianæ.’ (answered by Wallis's ‘Due Corrections for Mr. Hobbes’). 13. ‘Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance,’ in reply to Bramhall's ‘Defence of the true Liberty of Human Actions,’ &c.; 1656, E. v. 14. ‘, or Marks of the Absurd Geometry, Rural Language, Scottish Church Politics, and Barbarisms of John Wallis,’ E. vii. 357–428 (including letter from Henry Stubbe), 1657. Wallis replied in ‘Hobbiani puncti Dispunctio.’ 15. ‘Elementorum Philosophiæ, sectio secunda de Homine’ (partly from an unpublished manuscript now in Harl. MS. 3360; see, p. 59 n.), 1658, L. ii. 1–132. 16. ‘Examinatio et emendatio Mathematicæ Hodiernæ, qualis explicatur in libris Johannis Wallisii … distributa in sex dialogos,’ 1660, L. iv. 1–232. 17. ‘Dialogus Physicus de Natura Aeris’ (with a duplication of the cube, previously printed anonymously at Paris), 1661, L. iv. 233–96. Answered by Boyle in ‘Examen of Mr. Hobbes’ and ‘Dissertation on Vacuum against Mr. Hobbes,’ and by Wallis in ‘Hobbius Heauton-timorumenos.’ 18. ‘Problemata Physica,’ 1662, L. iv. 297–384. An English version, ‘Seven Philosophical Problems,’ was presented to the king at the same time, but not published till 1682, E. vii. 1–68. 19. ‘Considerations upon the Reputation, Loyalty, Manners, and Religion of Thos. Hobbes,’ 1662, E. iv. 409–40 (in answer to Wallis's ‘Hobbius Heauton-timorumenos’). 20. ‘De Principiis et Ratiocinatione Geometrarum,’ L. iv. 385–484, 1666. 21. ‘Quadratura Circuli; Cubatio Sphæræ; Duplicatio Cubi,’ 1669. 22. ‘Rosetum Geometricum,’ L. v. 1–88, 1671. 23. ‘Three