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 sons—one that he had not written it, and the other that Hope had (, Memoir of John Murray, 1891, ii. 74–6). Hope was also author of two books posthumously published: ‘An Essay on the Origin and Prospects of Man,’ London, 1831, 8vo, and ‘An Historical Essay on Architecture’ (with drawings made in Italy and Germany), 2 vols. London, 1835, 8vo.

(d. 1839), of New Norfolk Street, London, and Arklow House, Connaught Place, London, the youngest brother of Thomas Hope, travelled in his youth in Europe and Asia, especially in Turkey. He had a taste for art, and added Dutch and Flemish pictures to the collection formed by Thomas Hope. He also made a collection of diamonds, valued at 150,000l. He was very wealthy, but a man of simple habits, and munificent in his charities. He died, unmarried, on 5 Dec. 1839 at Bedgebury Park, Cranbrook, Kent, and was buried in the mausoleum at Deepdene on 14 Dec. He had presented Chart Park to his brother to form part of the Deepdene estate, and left large fortunes to his three nephews. Neale (op. cit.) describes a portrait of him as being at Deepdene (Gent. Mag. 1840, new ser. xiii. 211). 

HOPE, THOMAS CHARLES (1766–1844), professor of chemistry in Edinburgh University, third son of John Hope (1725–1786) [q. v.], was born in 1766, and studied at the Edinburgh High School and University, where he graduated in 1787, and published his dissertation, ‘Tentamen Inaugurale quædam de Plantarum Motibus et Vita, complectens,’ &c., Edinburgh, 1787. In the same year he was appointed professor of chemistry at Glasgow University, but resigned after becoming in 1789 assistant professor of medicine. In October 1795 he was elected joint professor of chemistry at Edinburgh with Joseph Black [q. v.]. In 1799, on Black's death, he became sole professor, and for more than fifty years was a most successful teacher. He had learnt Lavoisier's and Dalton's views from them personally, and his lectures were marked by unusual clearness, while his experiments were elaborate and almost always successful. His class in 1823 included 575 students. Early in his career he made two important researches. The first, read 4 Nov. 1793 before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, was described in ‘An Account of a Mineral from Strontian, and of a Peculiar Species of Earth which it contains.’ The native strontium carbonate, discovered in 1787 at Strontian in Argyllshire, was at first regarded as barium carbonate. Dr. Crawfurd in 1790 suggested that strontian contained a peculiar earth; but the proof was given by Hope in 1791–2 in a classic series of experiments. His second important research established the fact that water attains its maximum density several degrees above the freezing point, although he placed it slightly too high (39.5° F. instead of 39.2°). This research is given in ‘Experiments on the Contraction of Water by Heat’ (Edinb. Roy. Soc. Trans. 1805, v. 379–405). Hope wrote a few other scientific papers, several being on the chemical and colouring matters in the leaves and flowers of plants; but his life was almost wholly given to teaching. Although an experimentalist he did not afford facilities for practical work to his students, and it was not till 1823 that the teaching of practical chemistry was begun by Dr. Anderson, his assistant. In 1828 Hope gave 800l. to found a chemical prize in the university. He resigned his professorship at the close of the winter session of 1842–3, and died at Edinburgh on 13 June 1844, aged 77. 

HOPE, WILLIAM JOHNSTONE (1766–1831), vice-admiral, third son of John Hope (1739–1785) [q. v.], and first cousin of Admiral Sir Henry Hope [q. v.], was born on 16 Aug. 1766. In January 1777 he entered the navy under the care of his uncle, Captain Charles Hope (d. 1808), on board the Weasel, and served with him, in different ships, on the home, Lisbon, and Newfoundland stations, till, in October 1782, he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Dædalus, in which he served on the Newfoundland and home stations. In 1785 he was again with his uncle Charles as lieutenant of the Sampson, guardship at Plymouth, and in March 1786 was appointed to the Pegasus frigate, commanded by Prince William Henry, in the West Indies. In May 1787 he was moved into the Boreas, with Nelson as captain, and in her returned to England. In 1789 he went out to Newfoundland in the Adamant with Sir Richard Hughes, by whom in the following year he was promoted to the rank of commander, and appointed as acting captain of the Adamant. In 1793 he commanded the Incendiary fireship in the Channel, and on 21 March 1794 was posted to the Bellerophon, carrying the flag of Rear-admiral Pasley, with whom he was serving in the battle of 1 June, for which he received